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Related Concept Videos

Transcription01:10

Transcription

138.2K
Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...
138.2K
Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

70.6K
Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
70.6K
Riboswitches01:56

Riboswitches

8.0K
Riboswitches are non-coding mRNA domains that regulate the transcription and translation of downstream genes without the help of proteins. Riboswitches bind directly to a metabolite and can form unique stem-loop or hairpin structures in response to the amount of the metabolite present. They have two distinct regions – a metabolite-binding aptamer and an expression platform.
The aptamer has high specificity for a particular metabolite which allows riboswitches to specifically regulate...
8.0K
Transcription01:17

Transcription

23.9K
Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in correctly synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA). Transcriptional regulation is responsible for the differentiation of different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds of RNA Molecules
In eukaryotes,...
23.9K
General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

5.9K
Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
5.9K
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

1.4K
The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
1.4K

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Functional specificity among ribosomal proteins regulates gene expression.

Suzanne Komili1, Natalie G Farny, Frederick P Roth

  • 1Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02119, USA.

Cell
|November 6, 2007
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Summary

Duplicated ribosomal proteins in yeast show specialized functions beyond simple dosage effects. These paralogs have distinct roles in mRNA translation, assembly, and localization, suggesting a "ribosomal code".

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Yeast Biology

Background:

  • Duplicated genes often avoid loss through dosage benefits or functional divergence.
  • Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae possesses numerous duplicated ribosomal protein genes.
  • Previous research indicated functional redundancy among these duplicated ribosomal proteins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate paralog-specific requirements for the translation of localized mRNAs, specifically ASH1 mRNA in yeast.
  • To explore functional specialization of duplicated ribosomal proteins beyond their expression levels.
  • To determine if ribosomal protein paralogs have differential roles in cellular processes and assembly.

Main Methods:

  • Studies of ASH1 mRNA translation in yeast.
  • Transcriptional and phenotypic profiling of cells lacking specific ribosomal proteins.
  • Analysis of ribosomal protein paralog assembly and localization.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated paralog-specific requirements for localized mRNA translation, particularly for a subset of duplicated ribosomal proteins.
  • Identified functional role differences between ribosomal protein paralogs extending beyond mRNA localization.
  • Revealed differential requirements for the assembly and localization of ribosomal protein paralogs.

Conclusions:

  • Ribosomal protein paralogs exhibit complex specialization for specific cellular processes.
  • The findings support the existence of a "ribosomal code" governing protein function and localization.
  • Duplicated ribosomal proteins are not entirely redundant and possess distinct functional roles.