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Related Concept Videos

Antibody Structure01:10

Antibody Structure

Overview
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
The Y-Shaped Structure of Antibodies Consists of Four Polypeptide Chains
Antibodies consist of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy...
Antibody Structure01:10

Antibody Structure

Overview
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
The Y-Shaped Structure of Antibodies Consists of Four Polypeptide Chains
Antibodies consist of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy...
Antibody Actions01:26

Antibody Actions

Antibodies, or immunoglobulins, are critical players in the immune system's arsenal against invading pathogens. Produced by B cells and plasma cells, their primary role is to detect and bind to specific antigens, molecules found on the surface of pathogens like bacteria or viruses. Beyond antigen recognition, antibodies perform several vital functions that contribute to immune defense.
Neutralization
Antibodies can bind to pathogens, preventing them from infecting host cells. This process...
Antibody Structure and Classes01:25

Antibody Structure and Classes

Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are produced by B cells in response to foreign substances, such as bacteria and viruses. These proteins are critical for recognizing and neutralizing these substances, protecting the body from potential harm.
The basic structure of an antibody consists of four protein chains: two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains. These chains are held together by disulfide bonds and other non-covalent interactions, forming a Y-shaped structure.
Hybridoma Technology01:31

Hybridoma Technology

Hybridoma technology is used for the large-scale production of monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies bind to only a single antigenic determinant or epitope. Such antibodies are used in research, diagnostics, and disease therapy. The hybridoma technology established in 1975 by Georges Köhler and Cesar Milstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1984 for revolutionizing research and therapy.
Hybridoma Selection
Commonly used fusion techniques — electroporation, polyethylene glycol...
Affinity and Avidity01:41

Affinity and Avidity

Overview

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Generation of Discriminative Human Monoclonal Antibodies from Rare Antigen-specific B Cells Circulating in Blood
13:14

Generation of Discriminative Human Monoclonal Antibodies from Rare Antigen-specific B Cells Circulating in Blood

Published on: February 6, 2018

Humanization of antibodies.

Juan C Almagro1, Johan Fransson

  • 1Centocor R and D, Inc. 145 King of Prussia Rd. Radnor, PA 19087, USA. jalmagro@cntus.jnj.com

Frontiers in Bioscience : a Journal and Virtual Library
|November 6, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Antibody humanization techniques have advanced therapeutic antibodies. This review covers rational design methods like CDR grafting and empirical approaches using large libraries for antibody engineering.

Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Antibodies are crucial therapeutic reagents.
  • Humanization is key to their progress.
  • Review covers antibody humanization literature from the 1980s to 2007.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review antibody humanization methods.
  • To categorize techniques into rational and empirical approaches.
  • To provide an overview of advancements up to June 2007.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of antibody humanization publications.
  • Categorization of methods into rational and empirical strategies.
  • Description of specific techniques within each category.

More Related Videos

Laboratory Scale Production and Purification of a Therapeutic Antibody
09:54

Laboratory Scale Production and Purification of a Therapeutic Antibody

Published on: January 24, 2017

Generation of Murine Monoclonal Antibodies by Hybridoma Technology
09:42

Generation of Murine Monoclonal Antibodies by Hybridoma Technology

Published on: January 2, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Generation of Discriminative Human Monoclonal Antibodies from Rare Antigen-specific B Cells Circulating in Blood
13:14

Generation of Discriminative Human Monoclonal Antibodies from Rare Antigen-specific B Cells Circulating in Blood

Published on: February 6, 2018

Laboratory Scale Production and Purification of a Therapeutic Antibody
09:54

Laboratory Scale Production and Purification of a Therapeutic Antibody

Published on: January 24, 2017

Generation of Murine Monoclonal Antibodies by Hybridoma Technology
09:42

Generation of Murine Monoclonal Antibodies by Hybridoma Technology

Published on: January 2, 2017

Main Results:

  • Identified two main trends: rational and empirical antibody humanization.
  • Rational methods include CDR grafting, Resurfacing, Superhumanization, and Human String Content Optimization.
  • Empirical methods involve library generation and selection using techniques like phage display.

Conclusions:

  • Antibody humanization has significantly progressed therapeutic applications.
  • Rational methods utilize structural/sequence data for targeted design.
  • Empirical methods leverage large-scale screening for antibody optimization.