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Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

Anatomy of the Eyeball

The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle layer, the vascular tunic,...
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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
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Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to allelic diversity in the newly formed daughter cells. In humans, crossing over produces genetically distinct haploid egg and sperm cells that undergo fertilization to produce unique offspring. Before cell division starts, the germ cell’s chromosome(s) undergo duplication in the S phase of the cell cycle. As the cells enter prophase I, duplicated...
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4-Dimensional Imaging of Zebrafish Optic Cup Morphogenesis
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Published on: May 26, 2021

Genetics and development of the optic chiasm.

Eloisa Herrera1, Cristina Garcia-Frigola

  • 1Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernandez-CSIC, Campus de San Juan, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante 03550, Spain. e.herrera@umh.es

Frontiers in Bioscience : a Journal and Virtual Library
|November 6, 2007
PubMed
Summary

The optic chiasm, crucial for vision, forms via retinal fiber projection. Understanding its development aids in comprehending visual dysfunctions like axonal misrouting.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Ophthalmology

Background:

  • The optic chiasm is an X-shaped structure formed by retinal fibers crossing the midline in animals with binocular vision.
  • Proper optic chiasm formation is vital for a functional visual system.
  • Axonal misrouting at the optic chiasm causes visual dysfunction, seen in albinism and non-decussating retinal-fugal fiber syndrome.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of optic chiasm formation in vertebrates.
  • To provide insights into congenital anomalies related to retinal misrouting.

Main Methods:

  • This is a review article, synthesizing existing research on optic chiasm development.
  • Focuses on molecular mechanisms and vertebrate models.

Main Results:

  • The molecular mechanisms governing optic chiasm formation are increasingly understood.
  • Research is shedding light on how retinal fibers navigate to form the chiasm.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding optic chiasm development is key to unraveling the causes of visual dysfunction.
  • Further research into these molecular mechanisms can help address congenital anomalies.