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Related Concept Videos

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions01:24

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...
2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
Antianginal Drugs: Nitrates and β-Blockers01:16

Antianginal Drugs: Nitrates and β-Blockers

In cardiovascular health, antianginal drugs combat angina pectoris — a condition marked by chest pain owing to diminished blood flow to the heart.
Organic nitrates,  such as nitroglycerin, play a pivotal role. Once metabolized, they liberate nitric oxide, a molecular marvel. Nitric oxide triggers guanylyl cyclase and augments cGMP production. This biochemical cascade orchestrates the relaxation of vascular smooth muscles, ushering in vasodilation and enhancing coronary blood flow. Administered...
Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...
Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway01:28

Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway

Nitric oxide (NO), an inorganic gas, acts as a potent second messenger in most animal and plant tissues. NO diffuses out of the cells that produce it and enters the neighboring cells to generate a downstream response. NO synthase (NOS) catalyzes NO production by the deamination of the amino acid arginine. There are three isoforms of NOS. Endothelial cells have endothelial NOS (eNOS), nerve and muscle cells have neuronal NOS (nNOS), and macrophages produce inducible NOS (iNOS) upon exposure to...
Drug toxicity: Drug–Drug Interaction01:30

Drug toxicity: Drug–Drug Interaction

Drug–drug interactions can precipitate toxicity through multiple mechanisms. Absorption interactions alter how drugs enter the body, exemplified when ranitidine increases the absorption of basic drugs, while cholestyramine decreases the levels of propranolol. Protein binding interactions occur when drugs share the same binding sites on plasma proteins. Drugs like aspirin and warfarin, when bound in excess, can lead to increased free drug concentrations, enhancing the potential for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Zebrafish as a Model to Assess the Teratogenic Potential of Nitrite
07:29

Zebrafish as a Model to Assess the Teratogenic Potential of Nitrite

Published on: February 16, 2016

[Can nitrates lead to indirect toxicity?].

M Hamon1

  • 1Professeur honoraire à la Faculté des sciences pharmaceutiques et biologiques de Paris Sud, membre de l'Académie nationale de pharmacie. patricia.clement@eps.ap-hop-paris.fr

Annales Pharmaceutiques Francaises
|November 6, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Nitrates in food and water are regulated due to potential health risks. Bacterial action can convert nitrates into cancer-causing nitrosamines, prompting new environmental laws.

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Toxicology

Context:

  • Nitrates are common food additives and fertilizers.
  • Elevated nitrate levels are detected in soil, water, and aquifers.
  • Regulations are being implemented to limit nitrate concentrations in water.

Purpose:

  • To explain the health risks associated with nitrates.
  • To discuss the sources of increased nitrate levels.
  • To highlight the bacterial transformation pathway of nitrates.

Summary:

  • Nitrate ions are not directly toxic.
  • Bacterial reduction of nitrates forms nitrites, leading to nitrosonium ions.
  • Nitrosonium ions react with amines to form carcinogenic nitrosamines.

Impact:

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Analytical Techniques for Assaying Nitric Oxide Bioactivity
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Analytical Techniques for Assaying Nitric Oxide Bioactivity

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Preparation of Rat Skeletal Muscle Homogenates for Nitrate and Nitrite Measurements
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Preparation of Rat Skeletal Muscle Homogenates for Nitrate and Nitrite Measurements

Published on: July 29, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Zebrafish as a Model to Assess the Teratogenic Potential of Nitrite
07:29

Zebrafish as a Model to Assess the Teratogenic Potential of Nitrite

Published on: February 16, 2016

Analytical Techniques for Assaying Nitric Oxide Bioactivity
11:28

Analytical Techniques for Assaying Nitric Oxide Bioactivity

Published on: June 18, 2012

Preparation of Rat Skeletal Muscle Homogenates for Nitrate and Nitrite Measurements
07:19

Preparation of Rat Skeletal Muscle Homogenates for Nitrate and Nitrite Measurements

Published on: July 29, 2021

  • Increased nitrate levels stem from fertilizer use and nitrogenous waste decomposition.
  • Understanding nitrate toxicity is crucial for public health and environmental safety.
  • New regulations aim to mitigate risks associated with nitrate contamination.