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Related Concept Videos

Peroxisomes01:24

Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes are specialized organelles present in fungi, plant, and animal cells. It can vary in number, size, morphology, and activity depending on the type of tissue and the nutritional state of the cell. For example, cells with active lipid metabolism, such as adipocytes, neurons, and hepatocytes, have more peroxisomes than other cells in the body. Besides their primary role in breaking down complex organic molecules, peroxisomes can also synthesize specific macromolecules and participate in...
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Peroxisomes and mitochondria are two important oxygen-utilizing organelles in eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria carry out cellular respiration—the process that converts energy from food into ATP. Peroxisomes carry out a variety of functions, primarily breaking down different substances, such as fatty acids.The peroxisome is a single membrane-bound cellular organelle that can perform several different functions, including lipid metabolism and chemical detoxification. The enzymes within peroxisomes...
Cell-surface Signaling01:21

Cell-surface Signaling

Hormones—or any molecule that binds to a receptor, known as a ligand—that are lipid-insoluble (water-soluble) are not able to diffuse across the cell membrane. In order to be able to affect a cell without entering it, these hormones bind to receptors on the cell membrane. When a first messenger, a hormone, binds to a receptor, a signal cascade is set off, causing second messengers, proteins inside the cell, to become activated, resulting in downstream effects.
Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers01:15

Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers

Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...
Secondary Messengers in Hormone Action01:26

Secondary Messengers in Hormone Action

Water-soluble hormones cannot cross the plasma membrane, so they rely on protein receptors that span the membrane to trigger intracellular signaling pathways. These pathways then activate second messengers inside the cell, including cAMP or calcium ions.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Imaging of mtHyPer7, a Ratiometric Biosensor for Mitochondrial Peroxide, in Living Yeast Cells
09:47

Imaging of mtHyPer7, a Ratiometric Biosensor for Mitochondrial Peroxide, in Living Yeast Cells

Published on: June 2, 2023

Hydrogen peroxide is a true first messenger.

L Holmquist1, G Stuchbury, M Steele

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy and Molecular Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.

Journal of Neural Transmission. Supplementum
|November 7, 2007
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hydrogen peroxide acts as an intercellular messenger, transmitting pro-inflammatory signals between cells. Extracellular catalase can block this signaling pathway, suggesting new therapeutic targets for inflammatory diseases.

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Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Imaging of mtHyPer7, a Ratiometric Biosensor for Mitochondrial Peroxide, in Living Yeast Cells
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Hydrogen Production and Utilization in a Membrane Reactor
10:00

Hydrogen Production and Utilization in a Membrane Reactor

Published on: March 10, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is recognized as a crucial second messenger in intracellular redox-sensitive signal transduction pathways.
  • The role of H₂O₂ in intercellular communication remains less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential of hydrogen peroxide to transmit pro-inflammatory signals between cells.
  • To identify potential inhibitors of this intercellular signaling mechanism.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental models to assess intercellular signaling.
  • Application of extracellular catalase to inhibit H₂O₂-mediated effects.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that hydrogen peroxide can transmit pro-inflammatory signals from one cell to another.
  • Showed that extracellularly added catalase effectively inhibits this intercellular signaling process.

Conclusions:

  • Hydrogen peroxide functions as an intercellular messenger in transmitting pro-inflammatory signals.
  • Further research may establish hydrogen peroxide as a key intercellular messenger, akin to nitric oxide.