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Related Concept Videos

The Unfolded Protein Response01:37

The Unfolded Protein Response

The ER is the hub of protein synthesis in a cell. It has robust systems to quality control protein folding and also for degradation of terminally misfolded proteins. Under normal conditions, a small proportion of misfolded proteins that cannot be salvaged need to be transported to the cytoplasm by the ER-associated degradation or ERAD pathways. However, if the ERAD cannot handle the misfolded proteins, the cell activates the unfolded protein response or UPR to adjust the protein folding...
Other Stress Responses in Bacteria01:30

Other Stress Responses in Bacteria

Bacteria have global regulatory systems that control several types of stress mechanisms. These include Pho regulon and the heat shock response, which are essential systems for environmental adaptation, such as nutrient limitation and proteotoxic stress. The Pho regulon and the heat shock response exemplify bacterial resilience, enabling rapid adaptation to fluctuating environmental conditions.Pho RegulonBacteria require phosphorus for essential cellular processes, including nucleic acid...
Regulation of the Unfolded Protein Response01:31

Regulation of the Unfolded Protein Response

Inositol-requiring kinase one or IRE1 is the most conserved eukaryotic unfolded protein response (UPR) receptor. It is a type I transmembrane protein kinase receptor with a distinctive site-specific RNase activity. As the binding mechanics of the misfolded proteins with the N-terminal domain of IRE-1 are unclear, three binding models — direct, indirect, and allosteric -- are proposed for receptor activation. Nevertheless, it is known that once a misfolded protein associates with IRE1, it...
PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway01:22

PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway

The mammalian target of rapamycin  (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates growth, proliferation, and cell survival in response to hormones, growth factors, or nutrient availability. This kinase exists in two structurally and functionally distinct forms: mTOR complex 1  (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2  (mTORC2). The first form (mTORC1) is composed of a rapamycin-sensitive Raptor and proline-rich Akt substrate, PRAS40. In contrast,  mTORC2 consists of a rapamycin-insensitive companion...
MAPK Signaling Cascades01:07

MAPK Signaling Cascades

Mitogen-activated protein kinase, or MAPK pathway, activates three sequential kinases to regulate cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. The canonical MAPK pathway starts with a mitogen or growth factor binding to an RTK. The activated RTKs stimulate Ras, which recruits Raf or MAP3 Kinase (MAPKKK), the first kinase of the MAPK signaling cascade. Raf further phosphorylates and activates MEK or MAP2 Kinases (MAPKK), which in turn phosphorylates MAP...
Stress Response System01:21

Stress Response System

The stress response system, also known as the fight-or-flight response, is the body's automatic physiological reaction to perceived threats. Hans Selye introduced the concept of General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) to describe the predictable pattern of changes that occur in response to stress. GAS consists of three sequential stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. This model helps explain how chronic stress can contribute to health problems.
Alarm stage
In the alarm stage, the body's initial...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Measurements of Physiological Stress Responses in C. Elegans
10:36

Measurements of Physiological Stress Responses in C. Elegans

Published on: May 21, 2020

AMPK and SNF1: Snuffing Out Stress.

D Grahame Hardie1

  • 1Division of Molecular Physiology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK. d.g.hardie@dundee.ac.uk

Cell Metabolism
|November 7, 2007
PubMed
Summary

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) regulates energy balance. New structural studies reveal how AMP and ATP bind to AMPK, explaining mutations linked to heart glycogen storage diseases.

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a crucial cellular energy sensor.
  • Maintaining energy homeostasis is vital for cellular function and overall health.

Discussion:

  • Structural insights into mammalian and yeast AMPK homologs provide a molecular basis for AMPK regulation.
  • Understanding nucleotide binding (AMP and ATP) is key to elucidating AMPK's activation mechanism.

Key Insights:

  • New structural data illuminate the interaction of AMP and ATP with AMPK.
  • Mutations affecting AMPK structure are linked to cardiac glycogen storage disorders, offering insights into disease mechanisms.

Outlook:

  • Further structural and functional studies of AMPK could reveal new therapeutic targets.

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Measurements of Physiological Stress Responses in C. Elegans
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Phosphoproteomic Strategy for Profiling Osmotic Stress Signaling in Arabidopsis
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  • Elucidating AMPK's role in metabolic diseases may lead to novel treatment strategies.