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Related Concept Videos

Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...
Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...
Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer is an enzyme that can...
Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying DNA...
The Nucleosome Core Particle01:12

The Nucleosome Core Particle

Nucleosomes are the DNA-histone complex, where the DNA strand is wound around the histone core. The histone core is an octamer containing two copies of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 histone proteins.
Nucleosomes, paradoxically, perform two opposite functions simultaneously. On the one hand, their primary aim is to protect the delicate DNA strands from physical damage and help achieve a higher compaction ratio. On the other hand, they must allow polymerase enzymes to access histone-bound DNA during...
The Nucleosome Core Particle02:10

The Nucleosome Core Particle

Nucleosomes are the DNA-histone complex, where the DNA strand is wound around the histone core. The histone core is an octamer containing two copies of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 histone proteins.
The paradox
Nucleosomes, paradoxically, perform two opposite functions simultaneously. On the one hand, their main responsibility is to protect the delicate DNA strands from physical damage and help achieve a higher compaction ratio. While on the other hand, they must allow polymerase enzymes to access DNA...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Analysis of Histone Antibody Specificity with Peptide Microarrays
09:47

Analysis of Histone Antibody Specificity with Peptide Microarrays

Published on: August 1, 2017

Modular paths to 'decoding' and 'wiping' histone lysine methylation.

Georg Kustatscher1, Andreas G Ladurner

  • 1Gene Expression Unit, Structural & Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany.

Current Opinion in Chemical Biology
|November 9, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Epigenetic regulation involves controlling gene expression through histone methylation. This study details the structural mechanisms of proteins that add and remove these critical methyl marks on chromatin.

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Complete Workflow for Analysis of Histone Post-translational Modifications Using Bottom-up Mass Spectrometry: From Histone Extraction to Data Analysis
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Analysis of Histone Antibody Specificity with Peptide Microarrays
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Isolation and Cultivation of Neural Progenitors Followed by Chromatin-Immunoprecipitation of Histone 3 Lysine 79 Dimethylation Mark
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Isolation and Cultivation of Neural Progenitors Followed by Chromatin-Immunoprecipitation of Histone 3 Lysine 79 Dimethylation Mark

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Complete Workflow for Analysis of Histone Post-translational Modifications Using Bottom-up Mass Spectrometry: From Histone Extraction to Data Analysis
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Complete Workflow for Analysis of Histone Post-translational Modifications Using Bottom-up Mass Spectrometry: From Histone Extraction to Data Analysis

Published on: May 17, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Molecular biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Chromatin biology

Background:

  • Cellular activity is governed by gene expression, influenced by development and environment.
  • Histone methylation is a crucial epigenetic mechanism regulating gene expression.
  • Research has identified enzymes and protein motifs involved in histone methylation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a molecular overview of structural mechanisms in histone methylation.
  • To explain how proteins effect and recognize lysine methylation on chromatin.

Main Methods:

  • Structural analysis of proteins involved in histone methylation.
  • Review of identified enzymes and protein motifs.
  • Molecular modeling of chromatin modification.

Main Results:

  • Detailed structural insights into enzymes that catalyze histone lysine methylation.
  • Elucidation of structural features of protein motifs that recognize methylated lysines.
  • Understanding of how these modular proteins interact with the chromatin polymer.

Conclusions:

  • Specific structural mechanisms enable precise control over histone methylation.
  • These mechanisms are fundamental to epigenetic regulation of gene expression.
  • Further understanding of these processes can impact developmental and environmental biology.