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Related Concept Videos

The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
Anatomy of the Ear01:16

Anatomy of the Ear

Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
Equilibrium and Balance01:15

Equilibrium and Balance

The inner ear assumes dual functionalities of auditory perception and equilibrium maintenance. The vestibule is the organ responsible for balance. This organ contains mechanoreceptors, specifically hair cells, endowed with stereocilia, which aid in deciphering information regarding the position and motion of our heads. Two intrinsic components, the utricle and saccule, help perceive head position, while the semicircular canals track head movement. Neurological messages initiated in the...
Interference: Path Lengths01:10

Interference: Path Lengths

Consider two sources of sound, that may or may not be in phase, emitting waves at a single frequency, and consider the frequencies to be the same.
Two special sources may be considered when they are in phase. This can be easily achieved by feeding the two sources from the same source. An example would be synchronizing the two speakers by feeding them with the same source, such as the sound waves produced by a tuning fork. This setup ensures that the two sources have the same frequency and are...
Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Techniques of Endoscopic Ossiculoplasty
09:07

Techniques of Endoscopic Ossiculoplasty

Published on: January 26, 2024

The malleus-stapes offset.

N Wendell Todd1

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology, Emory University, 1365A Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, U.S.A. ntodd@emory.edu

The Laryngoscope
|November 9, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Determining the malleus-stapes offset is challenging due to significant variability. Visual assessment errors can exceed alignment allowances, necessitating precise ossiculoplasty.

Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Surgical Anatomy

Background:

  • Malleus-stapes offset presents challenges in ossiculoplasty, particularly regarding prosthesis or incus positioning relative to the manubrium.
  • Accurate assessment of this offset is crucial for successful surgical outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the malleus-stapes offset.
  • To evaluate its relationship with manubrium orientation and mastoid pneumatization.

Main Methods:

  • Postmortem anatomic dissection of 82 adult temporal bones.
  • Intraoperative and superior (trans-tegmenal) analysis of malleus-stapes offset.
  • Radiographic determination of mastoid pneumatization size.

Main Results:

  • Significant intersubject variability in malleus-stapes height and horizontal offset was observed.

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Dissection of the Auditory Bulla in Postnatal Mice: Isolation of the Middle Ear Bones and Histological Analysis
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Dissection of the Auditory Bulla in Postnatal Mice: Isolation of the Middle Ear Bones and Histological Analysis

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The Microscopic Transcanal Approach in Stapes Surgery Revisited
07:35

The Microscopic Transcanal Approach in Stapes Surgery Revisited

Published on: February 16, 2022

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Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Techniques of Endoscopic Ossiculoplasty
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Dissection of the Auditory Bulla in Postnatal Mice: Isolation of the Middle Ear Bones and Histological Analysis
07:40

Dissection of the Auditory Bulla in Postnatal Mice: Isolation of the Middle Ear Bones and Histological Analysis

Published on: January 4, 2017

The Microscopic Transcanal Approach in Stapes Surgery Revisited
07:35

The Microscopic Transcanal Approach in Stapes Surgery Revisited

Published on: February 16, 2022

  • Angular offset differences between transcanal and trans-tegmenal views averaged 8.5 degrees.
  • No correlation was found between offset measurements, manubrium orientation, or mastoid size.

    • Conclusions:

    • Reliable determination of malleus-stapes offset is difficult.
    • Visual assessment errors may exceed the 45-degree alignment tolerance for ossicular prostheses.
    • Precise alignment during visualized ossiculoplasty is essential.