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Allergic Reactions

Allergic Reactions

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin, heparin),...

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing numerous...

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
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Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial exposure to a...

Cross-reactivity

Cross-reactivity

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Basophil Activation Test for Allergy Diagnosis

Basophil Activation Test for Allergy Diagnosis

Published on: May 31, 2021

Food allergy overview in children.

Sujatha Ramesh¹

¹Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Women and Children's Hospital of Buffalo, University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, 219 Bryant Street, Buffalo, NY 14222, USA. sramesh@buffalo.edu

Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology

|November 9, 2007

Summary

Food allergies are rising, requiring accurate diagnosis distinguishing intolerance from IgE or Non-IgE mediated allergies. Management involves assessing severity, identifying common allergens, and utilizing skin testing and specific IgE for effective treatment.

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Published on: June 4, 2017

Area of Science:

Clinical Immunology
Allergology
Pediatric Allergy

Background:

Significant increase in food allergies over the last decade.
Accurate patient history is paramount for effective food allergy management.
Distinguishing food intolerance from food allergy and classifying allergies (IgE, Non-IgE, mixed) is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the diagnostic approach and management strategies for food allergies.
To highlight the varying clinical presentations and common allergens across different age groups.
To discuss the role of structural proteins, diagnostic methods, and emerging therapies.

Main Methods:

Clinical history taking as the primary guide for diagnosis.
Classification of food allergies based on IgE, Non-IgE, or mixed responses.
Utilizing skin testing and food-specific IgE measurements.
Considering oral food challenges when indicated.

Main Results:

Clinical features range from anaphylaxis to atopic dermatitis and gastrointestinal issues.
Common allergens differ between children (milk, soy, egg, wheat, peanut) and adults (peanut, tree nuts, fish, shellfish, fruits, vegetables).
Structural proteins influence reaction severity and cross-reactivity.
Many children outgrow milk, soy, egg, wheat, and some peanut allergies.

Conclusions:

Periodic reassessment is necessary as patients may outgrow allergies.
Novel diagnostic techniques targeting specific allergenic epitopes are emerging.
Promising new therapies are under development for food allergies.