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Related Concept Videos

Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena01:15

Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena

Drug dependence, abuse, and addiction are complex phenomena that can precipitate various abnormal states. Physical dependence refers to a state of pharmacological adaptation to a drug. This adaptation often results in tolerance—a reduced response to the drug after repeated administrations. When the drug use is abruptly stopped, withdrawal symptoms occur due to the body's need to readjust from the pharmacologically induced imbalance. However, tolerance and withdrawal symptoms do not necessarily...
CNS Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines and Cannabinoids01:24

CNS Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines and Cannabinoids

CNS stimulants, such as cocaine, amphetamines, and cannabinoids, have varying structures and mechanisms of action that lead to different therapeutic effects and side effects. Cocaine, with its molecular formula C17H21NO4, is a tropane alkaloid and a tertiary amino compound. It has two chemical forms: the hydrochloride salt and the "freebase." The former is in powder form, while the latter involves removing the hydrochloride salt to create a form that can be smoked. Cocaine exerts its effects by...
Stimulants01:29

Stimulants

Stimulants are substances that enhance neural activity and elevate dopamine levels in the brain, leading to their highly addictive nature. These drugs include cocaine, amphetamines, MDMA, caffeine, and nicotine, each with distinct mechanisms of action and varied health implications.
Cocaine can be administered via snorting, injection, or smoking. It primarily functions by blocking the reuptake of dopamine, resulting in a euphoric high characterized by an intense sensation of happiness and...
Adrenergic Agonists: Mixed-Action Agents01:28

Adrenergic Agonists: Mixed-Action Agents

Mixed-action adrenergic agonists, like ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, directly and indirectly affect adrenergic receptors. These agents stimulate adrenoceptors and indirectly release stored neurotransmitters, amplifying the adrenergic response.
Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine lack a catecholamine group, making them less susceptible to degradation by metabolic enzymes. They have increased oral bioavailability and lipophilicity, resulting in a longer duration of action. Their response is reduced by...
Substance Use Disorders Affecting Sleep01:24

Substance Use Disorders Affecting Sleep

Substance use disorders involve a pattern of using drugs more extensively than intended and continuing use despite harmful consequences. This includes legal substances like alcohol and nicotine, as well as illegal drugs. These disorders often involve both physical and psychological dependence, reflecting compulsive use of substances that significantly alter thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, contributing to a major public health issue.
Understanding the concepts of physical dependence,...
Drug Dependence01:17

Drug Dependence

Medications are typically administered to achieve therapeutic effects. Some drugs can modify an individual's mood and perception, frequently resulting in various enjoyable experiences. However, this can result in drug dependency, a condition marked by continuous drug use despite potential negative consequences. Drug dependency primarily falls into two categories: psychological and physical dependence. Psychological dependence occurs when the pleasurable feelings induced by the drug...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

A General Method for Evaluating Deep Brain Stimulation Effects on Intravenous Methamphetamine Self-Administration
09:16

A General Method for Evaluating Deep Brain Stimulation Effects on Intravenous Methamphetamine Self-Administration

Published on: January 22, 2016

Methamphetamine abuse.

Bradford T Winslow1, Kenton I Voorhees, Katherine A Pehl

  • 1Swedish Medical Center Family Medicine Residency, Littleton, Colorado 80121, USA.

American Family Physician
|November 10, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Methamphetamine (MA) is a potent stimulant with severe health risks, including cardiovascular events, psychosis, and HIV transmission. Effective treatment focuses on behavioral interventions, with medications still under investigation.

Area of Science:

  • Addiction Medicine
  • Psychiatry
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Methamphetamine (MA) is a widely abused stimulant in the US.
  • While young white men are common users, highest rates are seen in Native Hawaiians, multiracial individuals, Native Americans, and men who have sex with men.
  • MA use causes euphoria and increased energy but carries severe health risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the effects, risks, and treatment of methamphetamine abuse.
  • To highlight the association between MA use and high-risk sexual behavior, including HIV transmission.
  • To discuss the impact of MA use during pregnancy on both mother and child.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on methamphetamine.
  • Analysis of demographic data on methamphetamine users.

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High-throughput and Comprehensive Drug Surveillance Using Multisegment Injection-Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry
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High-throughput and Comprehensive Drug Surveillance Using Multisegment Injection-Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry

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Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

A General Method for Evaluating Deep Brain Stimulation Effects on Intravenous Methamphetamine Self-Administration
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A General Method for Evaluating Deep Brain Stimulation Effects on Intravenous Methamphetamine Self-Administration

Published on: January 22, 2016

Color Spot Test As a Presumptive Tool for the Rapid Detection of Synthetic Cathinones
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Color Spot Test As a Presumptive Tool for the Rapid Detection of Synthetic Cathinones

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  • Summary of reported adverse effects and treatment modalities.

    • Main Results:

    • MA use is linked to myocardial infarction, stroke, seizures, psychosis, and death.
    • Chronic use results in neurological and psychiatric issues, and physical changes.
    • Pregnancy with MA use can lead to placental abruption, intrauterine growth retardation, and preterm birth.

    Conclusions:

    • Methamphetamine abuse poses significant health risks to individuals and communities.
    • Behavioral therapies like cognitive behavior therapy and contingency management show promise for treatment.
    • Further research into pharmacologic treatments for methamphetamine abuse is warranted.