Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Urinary Bladder

Urinary Bladder

The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...

Ureters

Ureters

The ureters are retroperitoneal tubes located on either side of the vertebral column. They are responsible for transporting urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder. These tubes have thick walls and are approximately 25-30 cm long. Their diameter is around 10 mm at the renal pelvis, gradually narrowing to 1 mm as the ureter obliquely enters the posterior bladder wall through the ureteric orifices. The shape of these orifices is slit-like, which helps to prevent urine backflow toward the...

Development of the Sexual Organs in the Embryo and Fetus

Development of the Sexual Organs in the Embryo and Fetus

Development of the reproductive organs in an embryo starts from a bipotential state. This means the early embryo can develop either male or female reproductive organs. The formation of these organs begins with the growth of gonadal ridges that arise from the intermediate mesoderm during the fifth week of development.
Near the gonadal ridges, two duct systems are present: the mesonephric ducts (Wolffian ducts) and paramesonephric ducts (Müllerian ducts). These ducts form the basis for the male...

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System I: Kidneys and Ureters

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System I: Kidneys and Ureters

The upper urinary system comprises two kidneys and two ureters, which are crucial in filtering blood and forming urine.KidneysLocation and Structure:The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs positioned behind the peritoneum on either side of the spine.Kidneys are between the 12th thoracic (T12) and the 3rd lumbar (L3) vertebrae.The position of the liver causes the right kidney to sit slightly lower than the left.Protective Layers:Each kidney is enveloped in a tough, fibrous membrane called the...

The Micturition Reflex

The Micturition Reflex

Urination, or micturition involves the coordination of the bladder's detrusor muscle and two sphincters to ensure controlled bladder emptying.
The process begins with bladder filling, where the bladder wall stretches as urine accumulates. This stretching activates the urine storage reflex, mediated by the sacral spinal segments and the pontine storage center. Efferent sympathetic impulses stimulate the detrusor muscle to relax and the internal urethral sphincter to contract, facilitating urine...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Water Vapor Therapy for the Management of Prostate Cancer: The VAPOR 2 Study Initial Results of Ablative Efficacy and Toxicity.

The Journal of urology·2026

Same author

The effect of neonatal partial upper and lower urinary tract obstruction on the intestinal microbiome in a murine animal model.

Journal of pediatric urology·2026

Same author

Burnout in Urology is a Quality of Care Problem, and Joy in Work is the Solution.

Urology practice·2026

Same author

Repeat pelvic osteotomy improves the management of failed bladder closure in cloacal exstrophy.

Journal of pediatric surgery·2026

Same author

Pubic diastasis as a predictor of continence outcomes in the isolated male epispadias patient: An innovative prognostic factor.

Journal of pediatric urology·2026

Same author

Multidisciplinary perioperative management of cloacal exstrophy bladder closure: A single institution's approach.

Journal of pediatric urology·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Assessing Urinary Tract Junction Obstruction Defects by Methylene Blue Dye Injection

Assessing Urinary Tract Junction Obstruction Defects by Methylene Blue Dye Injection

Published on: October 12, 2017

Duplicate bladder exstrophy with complete duplication of müllerian structures.

Jared Berkowitz¹, Christopher Warlick, Amanda North

¹Department of Urology, Division of Pediatric Urology, The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

|November 10, 2007

Summary

This study details a rare exstrophy-epispadias complex variant with two bladders and duplicated Müllerian structures. The patient shows an excellent prognosis for urinary continence, spontaneous voiding, and future conception.

More Related Videos

A Decentralized (Ex Vivo) Murine Bladder Model with the Detrusor Muscle Removed for Direct Access to the Suburothelium during Bladder Filling

A Decentralized (Ex Vivo) Murine Bladder Model with the Detrusor Muscle Removed for Direct Access to the Suburothelium during Bladder Filling

Published on: November 28, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Assessing Urinary Tract Junction Obstruction Defects by Methylene Blue Dye Injection

Assessing Urinary Tract Junction Obstruction Defects by Methylene Blue Dye Injection

Published on: October 12, 2017

A Decentralized (Ex Vivo) Murine Bladder Model with the Detrusor Muscle Removed for Direct Access to the Suburothelium during Bladder Filling

A Decentralized (Ex Vivo) Murine Bladder Model with the Detrusor Muscle Removed for Direct Access to the Suburothelium during Bladder Filling

Published on: November 28, 2019

Area of Science:

Urology
Reproductive Medicine
Pediatric Surgery

Background:

The exstrophy-epispadias complex (EEC) is a rare congenital condition affecting genitourinary development.
Complete duplication of Müllerian structures is exceptionally rare, particularly in conjunction with EEC.
This case presents a unique confluence of complex congenital anomalies.

Observation:

A patient presented with a rare variant of the exstrophy-epispadias complex.
The patient exhibited complete duplication of the bladder and Müllerian duct derivatives.
Associated orthopedic and genitourinary conditions were identified.

Findings:

Surgical and non-surgical management strategies were employed for the orthopedic and genitourinary issues.
The patient's condition was successfully managed, addressing the complex anatomical variations.
Detailed discussion of the treatment protocol for this rare presentation.

Implications:

This case highlights the importance of comprehensive assessment and tailored management in complex congenital anomalies.
The excellent prognosis suggests that even rare variants of EEC can be effectively treated.
Successful outcomes pave the way for improved quality of life, including urinary continence, spontaneous voiding, and reproductive potential.