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Updated: Jul 10, 2026
3D Planning and Printing of Patient Specific Implants for Reconstruction of Bony Defects
Published on: August 4, 2020
Individualized implant-based reconstruction of Poland syndrome breast and soft tissue deformities
Gregory H Borschel1, David A Costantino, Paul S Cederna
1Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
Background:
Poland syndrome encompasses a constellation of congenital chest wall, breast, and upper-extremity deformities, which present a significant reconstructive challenge for the plastic surgeon. The broad range of chest wall and breast anomalies has led to an equally broad variety of surgical solutions. Often, however, initial attempts at surgical correction fall short because of failure to identify the best reconstructive option for an individual's particular deformity.
Methods:
In a retrospective series of 29 patients, we report our institution's experience with reconstructing breast and chest contour deformities associated with Poland syndrome. We also present a review of the literature.
Results:
The breast and chest wall deformities associated with Poland syndrome can be effectively treated in an algorithmic, individualized fashion.
Conclusions:
We propose an algorithmic approach to the patient with a Poland syndrome chest wall and breast deformity.