Gingival infiltration in acute monoblastic leukaemia

Area of Science:

• Hematology
• Oncology
• Oral Pathology

Background:

• Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive cancer of the blood and bone marrow.
• Extramedullary involvement (EMI) occurs in up to 40% of AML patients at diagnosis.
• EMI is common in AML subtypes M4 and M5, manifesting as infiltrates in various tissues.

Observation:

• A patient presented with significant gingival enlargement.
• The gingival enlargement was found to be a direct result of leukaemic infiltration.
• This presentation is consistent with known extramedullary manifestations of AML.

Findings:

• The case confirms gingival enlargement as a potential sign of extramedullary involvement in AML.
• Leukaemic infiltration of the gums can mimic other oral conditions.
• Diagnosis of AML should be considered in patients with unexplained gingival enlargement.

Implications:

• Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for AML in patients presenting with gingival enlargement.
• Early recognition of EMI, including oral symptoms, can lead to prompt diagnosis and treatment of AML.
• Awareness of leukaemic infiltration as a cause of gingival enlargement is crucial for effective patient management.