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Related Concept Videos

Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
Diabetic Neuropathy01:22

Diabetic Neuropathy

DefinitionDiabetic neuropathy is nerve damage caused by long-standing diabetes mellitus. It results directly from prolonged high blood sugar levels.PathophysiologyThe pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy involves both metabolic and vascular disturbances triggered by chronic hyperglycemia.Metabolic injury: Elevated glucose levels activate the polyol pathway within nerve cells, leading to the accumulation of sorbitol and fructose. This increases oxidative stress, disrupts normal nerve...
Diabetic Nephropathy01:28

Diabetic Nephropathy

Definition Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic kidney complication that results from prolonged hyperglycemia.Prevalence It is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide, affecting up to half of individuals with diabetes.Pathophysiology • Sustained hyperglycemia triggers multiple hemodynamic and metabolic changes in the kidney. • Early in the disease, increased renal blood flow and glomerular hyperfiltration occur due to afferent arteriolar...
Diabetic Foot Ulcer01:31

Diabetic Foot Ulcer

Definition A diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a chronic, non-healing wound that develops in individuals with diabetes. It typically occurs on pressure-bearing areas such as the heel, metatarsal heads, or hallux, and carries a high risk of infection and amputation.Pathophysiology • The development of DFUs can be explained by four interconnected mechanisms: neuropathy, ischemia, infection, and impaired wound healing. • Neuropathy is the most common factor. Sensory neuropathy reduces pain perception,...
Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus01:22

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency, resistance, or both. Prolonged hyperglycemia disrupts metabolic homeostasis and leads to acute and chronic complications.Acute ComplicationsAcute complications result from sudden metabolic imbalance.Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) mainly appears in type 1 diabetes but may also develop in type 2 diabetes, particularly under extreme stress. It arises from severe insulin deficiency,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Behavioral Assessment of Visual Function via Optomotor Response and Cognitive Function via Y-Maze in Diabetic Rats
07:41

Behavioral Assessment of Visual Function via Optomotor Response and Cognitive Function via Y-Maze in Diabetic Rats

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How the diabetic eye loses vision.

Jaime A Davidson1, Thomas A Ciulla, Janet B McGill

  • 1Division of Endocrinology, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas 75230, USA. jdavidson@medicalcitydallas.com

Endocrine
|November 10, 2007
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Diabetic eye disease, including diabetic retinopathy and macular edema, is a leading cause of vision loss in diabetic patients. Early detection and management, including blood glucose control and regular eye exams, are crucial for preserving sight.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Endocrinology
  • Diabetology

Background:

  • Diabetes mellitus significantly increases the risk of vision loss and blindness.
  • Diabetic eye disease is a major complication, primarily driven by microvascular damage from hyperglycemia.
  • Diabetic macular edema (DME) is the leading cause of vision loss in diabetic patients.

Observation:

  • Diabetic retinopathy (DR) and DME result from sustained high blood glucose levels affecting retinal vasculature.
  • Central fluid accumulation in the macula (clinically significant macular edema) is the primary cause of vision loss.
  • Progression of DR is linked to microvascular damage caused by hyperglycemia.

Findings:

  • Intensive glycemic and blood pressure control can slow the progression of diabetic retinopathy.
  • Laser photocoagulation is effective in reducing vision loss from proliferative DR and DME.
  • Diagnosis relies on dilated retinal examinations and specific diagnostic tests.

Implications:

  • Annual comprehensive dilated eye examinations are recommended for all patients with diabetes.
  • Effective management of blood glucose and blood pressure is essential for preventing vision loss.
  • Timely diagnosis and treatment of DR and DME can significantly improve visual outcomes and prevent blindness.