Measurements of label free protein concentration and conformational changes using a microfluidic UV-LED method

This paper presents a microchip-based system for measuring concentrations and dynamic conformational changes in proteins without any use of extrinsic fluorescent labeling. The microchannel flow of protein molecules was integrated with an ultraviolet light-emitting diode (UV-LED, lambda ex = 295 nm) and a photodetector (lambda em = 330 nm). The intrinsic fluorescence shift, arising from selectively exciting aromatic amino acid tryptophan (Trp), was monitored to quantify refolding pathways by dynamically varying the concentration of the chemical denaturant, urea. Short diffusion distances in the microchannel result in rapid equilibrium between protein and titrating solutions. Dilutions on the chip were tightly regulated using pressure controls, rather than syringe-based flow, as verified with extensive on-chip tracer dye controls. The concentrations of proteins were first measured using the UV-LED microfluidic platform, and the data showed detection limits down to 72, 128, and 250 nM for tryptophan, bovine serum albumin (BSA), and bovine carbonic anhydrase (BCA), respectively. To validate the protein assay method, folding transition experiments were performed using a well-characterized protein, BSA. The microchip protein refolding transitions using intrinsic fluorescence were well-correlated with conventional fluorometer experiments. The microfluidic platform facilitates refolding studies to identify rapidly the optimal folding strategy for a protein using small quantities of material. The technique offers a real alternative to bulky microfluidic systems consisting of large and expensive laser-based designs.