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DNA as a Genetic Template

DNA as a Genetic Template

Two structural features of the DNA molecule provide a basis for the mechanisms of heredity: the four nucleotide bases and its double-stranded nature. The Watson-Crick model of double-helical DNA structure, proposed in 1952, drew heavily upon the X-ray crystallography work of researchers Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins. Watson, Crick, and Wilkins jointly received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work in 1962. Franklin was, controversially, excluded from the prize for...

DNA as a Genetic Template

DNA as a Genetic Template

Two structural features of the DNA molecule provide a basis for the mechanisms of heredity: the four nucleotide bases and its double-stranded nature. The Watson-Crick model of double-helical DNA structure, proposed in 1952, drew heavily upon the X-ray crystallography work of researchers Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins. Watson, Crick, and Wilkins jointly received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work in 1962. Franklin was, controversially, excluded from the prize for...

Nucleic Acid Structure

Nucleic Acid Structure

The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group on the ribose's second carbon and a hydrogen on the deoxyribose's second carbon. The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3′ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide, which forms a 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage.
DNA Structure
DNA has a double-helix structure. The...

Gene Duplication and Divergence

Gene Duplication and Divergence

The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are characterized.

Mismatch Repair

Mismatch Repair

Mismatch Repair

Mismatch Repair

Organisms are capable of detecting and fixing nucleotide mismatches that occur during DNA replication. This sophisticated process requires identifying the new strand and replacing the erroneous bases with correct nucleotides. Mismatch repair is coordinated by many proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
The Mutator Protein Family Plays a Key Role in DNA Mismatch Repair
The human genome has more than 3 billion base pairs of DNA per cell. Prior to cell division, that vast amount of genetic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Analyzing and Building Nucleic Acid Structures with 3DNA

Analyzing and Building Nucleic Acid Structures with 3DNA

Published on: April 26, 2013

Inverted and mirror repeats in model nucleotide sequences.

Fabrizio Lillo¹, Marco Spanò

¹Dipartimento di Fisica e Tecnologie Relative, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, I-90128, Palermo, Italy.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics

|November 13, 2007

Summary

We analyzed nucleic acid repeats, finding that correlated sequences have significantly more inverted and mirror repeats than independent sequences. This difference grows exponentially with repeat length in long-range sequences.

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Area of Science:

Bioinformatics
Computational Biology
Genomics

Background:

Understanding repeat sequences in nucleic acids is crucial for genomic analysis.
Previous studies often focused on simpler sequence models, potentially underestimating repeat occurrences in complex genomes.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the probabilistic properties of inverted and mirror repeats in various nucleic acid sequence models.
To compare repeat occurrences between independent and correlated sequence models.

Main Methods:

Analytical and numerical studies were employed.
Models included independent identically distributed (i.i.d.) sequences, Markov processes, and long-range dependent sequences.
Analysis considered both perfect and nonperfect repeats (with mismatches and gaps).

Main Results:

Correlated sequence models exhibit a significantly higher number of repeats compared to i.i.d. models.
The discrepancy in repeat counts increases exponentially with repeat length for long-range sequences.
Both perfect and nonperfect repeats were analyzed across different sequence complexities.

Conclusions:

Sequence correlation strongly influences the prevalence of nucleic acid repeats.
The findings highlight the importance of using sophisticated models for accurate repeat analysis in genomics.
The exponential increase in repeats for long-range sequences suggests potential implications for genome evolution and function.