Multiple zonal jets and drifting: thermal convection in a rapidly rotating spherical shell compared to a...

We demonstrate that thermal convection in a rapidly rotating spherical shell may produce zonal flows outside the tangent cylinder that consist of multiple alternating jets drifting towards the interior. A quasigeostrophic model that in model space is located between the classical annulus and the spherical shell, has been constructed. In this generalized annulus model we allow for terms in the Ekman correction to the flow that are usually neglected. It is shown that these terms may create observable effects at low Ekman numbers. Some of the remaining differences between the two-dimensional (2D) and 3D model may be explained by the missing heat transport along the rotation axis of the 2D model. The 2D model makes it possible to show that the occurrence of jet drift requires a significant radial dependence of the beta parameter. In addition, the relatively low numerical costs of the 2D model allow extensive parameter studies. For an increasing rotation rate and fixed moderate thermal driving, the 2D model predicts (i) an increased zonal flow strength, (ii) an increased number of jets related to Rhines length scale, and (iii) an inward drift of the center jets. For an increasing thermal driving and fixed rotation rate, the solutions of the 2D model develop stronger zonal flows with a reduced number of still faster drifting jets. The jet drift is ultimately converted into fluctuations of a couple of steady jets as the center region outside the tangent cylinder is being cleared of jets. These solutions, that display reduced Ekman layer effects, resemble solutions obtained with stress-free boundary conditions.