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Metallic Solids

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability. Many...

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects

Schottky defects arise when some lattice points in a crystal, such as those in NaCl, remain unoccupied, creating lattice vacancies without disturbing the overall electrical neutrality of the crystal. This defect is common in ionic crystals where the positive and negative ions are similar in size, as seen in sodium chloride and cesium chloride. The presence of Schottky defects enables the crystal to conduct electricity to a small extent through an ionic mechanism. Electric fields cause nearby...

Valence Bond Theory

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions.

Electron Configurations

Electron Configurations

Electron configurations and orbital diagrams can be determined by applying the Aufbau principle (each added electron occupies the subshell of lowest energy available), Pauli exclusion principle (no two electrons can have the same set of four quantum numbers), and Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity (whenever possible, electrons retain unpaired spins in degenerate orbitals).
The relative energies of the subshells determine the order in which atomic orbitals are filled (1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of Chalcogenidoplumbates(II or IV)

Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of Chalcogenidoplumbates(II or IV)

Published on: December 29, 2016

Atomic ordering and gap formation in Ag-Sb-based ternary chalcogenides.

Khang Hoang¹, S D Mahanti, James R Salvador

¹Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.

Physical Review Letters

|November 13, 2007

Summary

We can design new semiconductors with specific properties by understanding their atomic and electronic structures. This research focuses on silver-antimony-based ternary chalcogenides for advanced thermoelectric applications.

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Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of Chalcogenidoplumbates(II or IV)

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Published on: November 28, 2016

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Solid State Physics
Chemistry

Background:

Semiconductor properties can be theoretically designed by understanding atomic and electronic structures.
Ag-Sb-based ternary chalcogenides are significant for optical phase change and thermoelectric applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the theoretical design of novel semiconductors with tailored properties.
To realize this design concept in Ag-Sb-based ternary chalcogenides.
To propose new systems for high-performance thermoelectrics.

Main Methods:

Theoretical design based on atomic and electronic structure analysis.
Investigation of electronic states near the band-gap region.
Focus on Ag-Sb-based ternary chalcogenide systems.

Main Results:

Demonstrated the feasibility of designing semiconductors with tailored properties.
Identified specific Ag-Sb-based ternary chalcogenides as promising materials.
Proposed novel systems for enhanced thermoelectric performance.

Conclusions:

Theoretical design principles are effective for creating novel semiconductors.
Ag-Sb-based ternary chalcogenides offer a pathway to high-performance thermoelectrics.
Further research into these materials could lead to significant advancements in thermoelectric technology.