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Asthma III: Clinical Manifestations

Asthma III: Clinical Manifestations

Asthma presents with a characteristic pattern of episodic respiratory symptoms that reflect underlying airway inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and mucus hypersecretion. Although severity varies among individuals, certain clinical manifestations are considered hallmarks of the disorder and often guide diagnosis and assessment.Respiratory SymptomsA persistent cough is one of the most common early features of asthma. It is frequently dry and tends to worsen at night or in the early morning,...

Asthma I: Introduction

Asthma I: Introduction

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by variable airflow obstruction and heightened bronchial responsiveness to a wide range of triggers. The underlying inflammation leads to airway swelling, mucus hypersecretion, and smooth muscle constriction, all of which narrow the airway lumen and impede airflow. Clinically, asthma presents with recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing, symptoms that typically vary in intensity and...

Asthma-IV: Diagnostic and Management

Asthma-IV: Diagnostic and Management

The diagnosis and management of asthma are comprehensive, encompassing clinical assessments, lung function tests, and pharmacological interventions. Here's an overview:
Clinical Assessment for Asthma:
This is the first step in diagnosing and managing asthma. It includes:

Asthma-I: Introduction

Asthma-I: Introduction

Asthma is a chronic respiratory ailment that requires careful management due to its varying symptoms and influencing factors. It is characterized by airway inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and reversible airflow obstruction, leading to symptoms like wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. The symptom frequency and intensity may vary considerably over time. It is also linked to immune system responses to allergens and irritants, highlighting the complex...

Sputum Studies I: Gram Stain, cytology, and Acid-fast smear and culture

Sputum Studies I: Gram Stain, cytology, and Acid-fast smear and culture

Sputum studies are a critical part of diagnosing and treating numerous respiratory conditions. These studies involve obtaining sputum samples for analysis to identify pathogenic organisms and assess the presence of abnormal cells indicative of malignant conditions. This lesson will delve into three fundamental sputum studies: Gram Stain, Cytology, and Acid-fast Smear and Culture.
Gram Stain
The Gram Stain is an integral part of sputum studies. It involves the staining of sputum, which permits...

Asthma: Pathogenesis and Management

Asthma: Pathogenesis and Management

Asthma is a chronic pulmonary condition involving inflammation of the airways, hyper-reactivity, and reversible obstruction of the airways. This condition can significantly impact a person's quality of life, making breathing difficult and leading to distressing symptoms.
Asthma is classified as allergic and non-allergic. Allergens such as dust mites, pollen, and pet dander trigger allergic asthma, while factors like cold air, intense emotions, or exercise can induce non-allergic asthma.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Methodology for Sputum Induction and Laboratory Processing

Methodology for Sputum Induction and Laboratory Processing

Published on: December 17, 2017

Asthma biomarkers in sputum.

Joseph D Spahn¹

¹Ira J. and Jacqueline Neimark Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology in Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA. spahnj@njc.org

Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America

|November 13, 2007

Summary

Sputum eosinophil counts are clinically useful in asthma management. High eosinophil levels predict good response to glucocorticoids and risk of relapse, guiding personalized asthma treatment.

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Monitoring Neutrophil Elastase and Cathepsin G Activity in Human Sputum Samples

Monitoring Neutrophil Elastase and Cathepsin G Activity in Human Sputum Samples

Published on: May 21, 2021

Area of Science:

Pulmonology
Immunology
Clinical Medicine

Background:

Asthma pathogenesis involves multiple inflammatory cells, with eosinophils being key effectors.
Sputum eosinophil counts are increasingly recognized for their role in asthma management.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the clinical utility of sputum eosinophil counts in asthma.
To evaluate the predictive value of sputum eosinophilia for treatment response and relapse.

Main Methods:

Review of existing studies on sputum eosinophil counts in asthma.
Analysis of the association between sputum eosinophilia and asthma severity, control, and treatment outcomes.

Main Results:

Sputum eosinophils correlate with asthma severity and control levels.
Presence of sputum eosinophilia predicts positive response to glucocorticoids.
Absence of sputum eosinophilia predicts poor response to glucocorticoids.
Sputum eosinophilia predicts relapse risk upon inhaled glucocorticoid reduction.

Conclusions:

Sputum eosinophil counts offer significant clinical utility in asthma management.
Monitoring sputum eosinophils can guide glucocorticoid therapy titration and predict treatment outcomes.
Targeting sputum eosinophil counts below 2% may optimize inhaled glucocorticoid therapy.