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Toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasmosis, a zoonotic disease caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, poses significant public health challenges globally due to its high seroprevalence and varied clinical manifestations. As an obligate intracellular parasite, T. gondii can infect all warm-blooded vertebrates, but felids are its only definitive hosts, shedding unsporulated oocysts into the environment. Humans typically acquire the infection through ingestion of tissue cysts in undercooked meat or oocysts from...
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Entamoeba histolytica, a protozoan parasite, is responsible for intestinal and extraintestinal amebiasis. Though a significant proportion of infections remain asymptomatic, approximately 50 million individuals annually are estimated to present with clinical disease, resulting in up to 100,000 deaths globally. The disease burden is disproportionately high in regions with lower socioeconomic status, such as parts of India, Africa, Mexico, and Latin America.Etiology and TransmissionThe infective...
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Lysosomes are the site for the degradation of macromolecules and biological polymers released during membrane trafficking events such as secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The membrane-enclosed area of the lysosome, called the lumen, contains hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment. These acid hydrolases are functional at a pH between 4.5 and 5 and are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling, energy metabolism, restoration of the plasma membrane,...
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Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Transient Transduction of the Strobilated Forms of Echinococcus granulosus
13:25

Transient Transduction of the Strobilated Forms of Echinococcus granulosus

Published on: September 16, 2022

Osseous hydatid disease.

Athanassios Papanikolaou1

  • 1Orthopaedic Department, Red Cross Hospital, Athanassaki 1, 11526 Athens, Greece. papanika@otenet.gr

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
|November 13, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Hydatid disease, caused by Echinococcus tapeworms, rarely affects bone but frequently impacts the spine. Diagnosis and treatment are challenging, often leading to poor outcomes, especially for spinal cases.

Area of Science:

  • Parasitology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Orthopedic Surgery

Background:

  • Hydatid disease, caused by Echinococcus larvae, is endemic globally.
  • Bone involvement is rare (0.2-4%), with spinal involvement in nearly half of these cases.
  • The disease is often asymptomatic until complications like paraplegia or fracture arise.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of bone hydatid disease.
  • To highlight the diagnostic challenges and poor prognosis associated with spinal hydatid disease.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on bone and spinal hydatid disease.
  • Analysis of diagnostic modalities including imaging and serology.
  • Discussion of surgical and chemotherapeutic treatment strategies.

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Microsatellite DNA Genotyping and Flow Cytometry Ploidy Analyses of Formalin-fixed Paraffin-embedded Hydatidiform Molar Tissues
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Microsatellite DNA Genotyping and Flow Cytometry Ploidy Analyses of Formalin-fixed Paraffin-embedded Hydatidiform Molar Tissues

Published on: October 20, 2019

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Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Transient Transduction of the Strobilated Forms of Echinococcus granulosus
13:25

Transient Transduction of the Strobilated Forms of Echinococcus granulosus

Published on: September 16, 2022

Microsatellite DNA Genotyping and Flow Cytometry Ploidy Analyses of Formalin-fixed Paraffin-embedded Hydatidiform Molar Tissues
11:54

Microsatellite DNA Genotyping and Flow Cytometry Ploidy Analyses of Formalin-fixed Paraffin-embedded Hydatidiform Molar Tissues

Published on: October 20, 2019

Main Results:

  • Spinal hydatid disease presents a diagnostic challenge due to non-specific symptoms and limitations of current diagnostic tests.
  • Surgical intervention is the primary treatment, aiming for radical excision.
  • Adjuvant chemotherapy with albendazole and praziquantel is used when surgery is not feasible or as an adjunct.
  • Outcomes for spinal hydatid disease are often poor, with high rates of neurological deficit, complications, mortality, and recurrence.

Conclusions:

  • A high index of suspicion is crucial for diagnosing hydatid disease, particularly in endemic areas.
  • Effective pre-operative diagnosis remains difficult, often leading to intraoperative findings.
  • Management requires a multidisciplinary approach, and prognosis, especially for spinal involvement, is frequently unfavorable.