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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply01:24

Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply

Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl hydroxylase and factor...
General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
Conservation of Protein Domains Over Different Proteins02:26

Conservation of Protein Domains Over Different Proteins

Protein domains are small structurally independent units that are part of a single amino acid chain.  Although these domains are often structurally independent, they may rely on synergistic effects to perform their functions as part of a larger protein. Protein domains may be conserved within the same organism, as well as across different organisms.
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Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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Gene Families

Gene families consist of groups of genes proposed to have originated from a common ancestor. Typically these arise through events in which a gene or genes are mistakenly duplicated during cell division. Unlike their parent genes (which are subject to selection pressure to maintain function), these gene copies do not need to preserve their sequences and may evolve at a relatively faster rate.
Occasionally these regions can be adapted to take on new roles within the organism, becoming novel genes...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Co-immunoprecipitation Assay Using Endogenous Nuclear Proteins from Cells Cultured Under Hypoxic Conditions
09:17

Co-immunoprecipitation Assay Using Endogenous Nuclear Proteins from Cells Cultured Under Hypoxic Conditions

Published on: August 2, 2018

Hypoxia-inducible factors Per/ARNT/Sim domains: structure and function.

Thomas H Scheuermann1, Jinsong Yang, Lei Zhang

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.

Methods in Enzymology
|November 14, 2007
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) regulate cellular adaptation to low oxygen. Understanding their PAS domains is crucial for developing new cancer and ischemia therapies.

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Published on: June 26, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are critical regulators of cellular responses to low oxygen.
  • HIFs influence anaerobic metabolism, oxygen delivery, angiogenesis, and cell survival, impacting diseases like cancer and ischemia.
  • While oxygen-dependent regulation of HIFs is well-studied, their induction can be uncoupled from these pathways in diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review strategies for characterizing the structure and function of Per/ARNT/Sim (PAS) domains within HIFs.
  • To explore how PAS domains maintain transcriptionally active HIF complexes, irrespective of induction mechanisms.
  • To provide a foundation for therapeutic strategies targeting HIF PAS domains.

Main Methods:

  • Biophysical characterization techniques for HIF PAS domains.
  • Biochemical assays to assess PAS domain function.
  • Review of existing literature on HIF structure-function relationships.

Main Results:

  • PAS domains are crucial for maintaining active HIF complexes.
  • Characterization strategies can elucidate the role of PAS domains in HIF regulation.
  • Understanding PAS domain structure/function is key, even when HIF induction is uncoupled from oxygen levels.

Conclusions:

  • Targeting HIF PAS domains offers a promising therapeutic avenue for diseases involving hypoxia.
  • Further biophysical and biochemical studies are needed to fully exploit these domains.
  • This review provides a framework for future research into HIF-targeted therapies.