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Additional Subnuclear Structures

Additional Subnuclear Structures

The eukaryotic nucleus is a double membrane-bound organelle that contains nearly all of the cell’s genetic material in the form of chromosomes. It is rightly called the “brain” of the cell as it shoulders the responsibility of responding to various physiological processes, stress, altered metabolic conditions, and other cellular signals.
The nucleus contains many membrane-less subnuclear organelles or nuclear bodies, such as nucleoli, Cajal bodies, speckles, paraspeckles, etc. These nuclear...

The Nucleus

The Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression and precisely regulates the production of proteins within the cell. In contrast, the DNA inside the mitochondria and chloroplast only carries out functions that are specific to those organelles.
Arrangement of DNA within Nucleus
The regulation of gene expression inside the nucleus is dependent on many factors, including the DNA structure. The...

The Nucleus

The Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression and precisely regulates the production of proteins within the cell. In contrast, the DNA inside the mitochondria and chloroplast only carries out functions that are specific to those organelles.
Arrangement of DNA within Nucleus
The regulation of gene expression inside the nucleus is dependent on many factors, including the DNA structure. The...

The Nucleus

The Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression and precisely regulates the production of proteins within the cell. In contrast, the DNA inside the mitochondria and chloroplast only carries out functions that are specific to those organelles.
Arrangement of DNA within Nucleus
The regulation of gene expression inside the nucleus is dependent on many factors, including the DNA structure. The...

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...

The Nucleolus

The Nucleolus

The nucleolus is the most prominent substructure of the nucleus. When it was first discovered, it was considered to be an isolated organelle that forms fibrils and granules. In 1931, the relationship between the nucleolus and chromosomes was first described by Heitz. He observed that the appearance and size of nucleolus varies depending on the stage of the cell cycle. He also noticed constricted regions on different chromosomes clustered together at definite cell cycle stages. These regions,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

A Cell-Free Assay Using Xenopus laevis Embryo Extracts to Study Mechanisms of Nuclear Size Regulation

A Cell-Free Assay Using Xenopus laevis Embryo Extracts to Study Mechanisms of Nuclear Size Regulation

Published on: August 8, 2016

The size-wise nucleus: nuclear volume control in eukaryotes.

Michael D Huber¹, Larry Gerace

¹Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.

The Journal of Cell Biology

|November 14, 2007

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Cell and nuclear volumes are proportionally linked in eukaryotic cells. Cytoplasm influences individual nuclear size in multinucleated cells, revealing its role in nuclear size regulation.

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Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

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Published on: August 8, 2016

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Area of Science:

Cell Biology
Molecular Biology
Genetics

Background:

Eukaryotic cells possess mechanisms to sense and regulate their volume and organelle size.
Nuclear size is known to be proportional to overall cell size across various conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the relationship between cell size and nuclear volume in yeast models.
To explore the factors controlling nuclear size, particularly in multinucleated cells.

Main Methods:

Studies were conducted using budding and fission yeast.
Analysis involved examining nuclear and cell volumes under diverse genetic backgrounds and growth conditions.

Main Results:

Nuclear size consistently remained proportional to cell size, irrespective of genetic modifications or growth conditions affecting cell volume and DNA content.
In fission yeast with multiple nuclei, individual nuclear sizes were determined by the volume of surrounding cytoplasm.

Conclusions:

The proportionality between cell and nuclear size is a robust feature in yeast.
Cytoplasmic volume plays a critical role in regulating individual nuclear size, especially in multinucleated eukaryotic cells.