Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Methodology for Sputum Induction and Laboratory Processing
Published on: December 17, 2017
Exhaled inflammatory markers in aspirin-induced asthma syndrome
Giovanna E Carpagnano1, Onofrio Resta, Matteo Gelardi
1Institute of Respiratory Disease, Department of Medical and Occupational Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy. ge.carpagnano@unifg.it
Background:
Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-6, respectively, markers of neutrophilic and eosinophilic inflammation, were analyzed in nasal and oral exhaled breath condensate to understand the inflammation of upper and lower airways in subjects with aspirin-induced asthma (AIA) syndrome, evaluating possible differences between AIA and the single pathological conditions included in AIA syndrome.
Methods:
Twelve patients with AIA, 17 patients with mild asthma (MA), 12 patients with nasal polyposis (NP), 11 patients with mild asthma + nasal polyposis (MA + NP), and 10 healthy subjects (HSs) were enrolled. Nasal and oral exhaled IL-4 and IL-6 were measured by enzyme immunoassay kit.
Results:
Higher levels of nasal and oral exhaled IL-4 and IL-6 were observed in AIA compared with MA, NP, MA + NP, and HSs. Moreover, a positive correlation was identified between nasal exhaled IL-4 and IL-6 and, respectively, the number of neutrophils and eosinophils and in nasal scraping.
Conclusion:
The concentration of eosinophilic and neutrophilic markers in upper and lower airways of subjects with AIA syndrome is higher compared with HS and subjects with MA, NP, and MA + NP.
Related Concept Videos
Asthma I: Introduction
Asthma III: Clinical Manifestations
Asthma-I: Introduction
Asthma: Pathogenesis and Management
Asthma is classified as allergic and non-allergic. Allergens such as dust mites, pollen, and pet dander trigger allergic asthma, while factors like cold air, intense emotions, or exercise can induce non-allergic asthma.
Asthma-III: Symptoms and Complications
Classification of Asthma
Asthma-II: Pathophysiology and Classification
Additionally, environmental and genetic factors play crucial roles in determining an individual's susceptibility to asthma and the severity of their condition.
Critical processes in asthma pathophysiology include: