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Arteries of the Upper Limbs

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...

Arteries of Lower Limbs

Arteries of Lower Limbs

The external iliac artery transitions out of the body cavity, entering the femoral region of the lower leg, and is renamed the femoral artery at the point where it traverses the body wall. This artery is responsible for the distribution of blood to the thigh's deep muscles and the skin's ventral and lateral regions, achieved through several minor branches and the lateral deep femoral artery, which also spawns a lateral circumflex artery. The knee area receives blood from the genicular artery,...

Ankle Joint

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...

Vascular Spasm

Vascular Spasm

The vascular phase, also known as vasospasm, is the initial stage of hemostasis, crucial for preventing excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is injured. After a vessel is cut, nerves in the damaged area trigger pain and other sensory impulses. Simultaneously, the smooth muscles in the vessel wall contract, resulting in a vascular spasm. This contraction reduces the vessel's diameter at the injury site, slowing or stopping blood loss through the vessel wall. Vascular spasms typically last for...

Peripheral Artery Disease I: Introduction

Peripheral Artery Disease I: Introduction

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) predominantly results from atherosclerosis, which involves the accumulation of fatty deposits, or plaques, within the walls of arteries. This causes them to narrow and harden, significantly reducing blood flow. PAD predominantly affects the legs, particularly the arteries supplying the thighs and calves. In rare cases, it may involve other arteries, including those in the arms.Etiology of PAD:The principal cause of PAD is atherosclerosis, which results from fatty...

Aortic Regurgitation I: Introduction

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IntroductionAortic regurgitation is characterized by the backward flow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole and arises from the improper closure of the aortic valve. This condition results in left ventricular volume overload and can stem from both acute and chronic etiologies, each contributing uniquely to the disease's progression and symptomatology.Acute and Chronic CausesAcute aortic regurgitation often results from events that suddenly impair the integrity of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (Cf-PWV) to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness

Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (Cf-PWV) to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness

Published on: May 3, 2018

Arterial stiffness: is it ready for prime time?

Stanley S Franklin¹

¹Heart Disease Prevention Program, C-240 Medical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. ssfranklinmd@earthlink.net

Current Cardiology Reports

|November 15, 2007

Summary

Arterial stiffness, measured by pulse wave velocity (PWV) and pulse wave analysis (PWA), shows promise as a cardiovascular disease biomarker. These methods offer a more direct assessment than traditional blood pressure measurements.

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Measuring the Stiffness of Ex Vivo Mouse Aortas Using Atomic Force Microscopy

Measuring the Stiffness of Ex Vivo Mouse Aortas Using Atomic Force Microscopy

Published on: October 19, 2016

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Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (Cf-PWV) to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness

Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (Cf-PWV) to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness

Published on: May 3, 2018

Measuring the Stiffness of Ex Vivo Mouse Aortas Using Atomic Force Microscopy

Measuring the Stiffness of Ex Vivo Mouse Aortas Using Atomic Force Microscopy

Published on: October 19, 2016

Area of Science:

Cardiovascular Medicine
Biomarkers
Vascular Aging

Background:

Arterial stiffness in large elastic arteries is a recognized risk marker for vascular aging.
Increased arterial stiffness contributes to widened pulse pressure (PP) and isolated systolic hypertension, particularly in older populations.
Peripheral brachial and central aortic PP measurements can differ due to wave reflection, limiting PP's utility as a sole indicator of arterial stiffening.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the clinical utility of pulse wave velocity (PWV) and pulse wave analysis (PWA) as biomarkers for cardiovascular disease.
To compare the effectiveness of PWV and PWA against traditional blood pressure measurements in assessing cardiovascular risk.

Main Methods:

Development of noninvasive and easily performed methods for direct arterial stiffness measurement.
Utilization of pulse wave velocity (PWV) for assessing the speed of pressure wave propagation.
Application of pulse wave analysis (PWA) for evaluating pressure wave characteristics.

Main Results:

PWV and PWA provide a more direct measurement of arterial stiffness compared to pulse pressure.
These methods address the discrepancies observed between central and peripheral blood pressure readings.
The study investigates the comparative value of these advanced techniques versus traditional metrics.

Conclusions:

PWV and PWA represent valuable, noninvasive tools for assessing arterial stiffness.
These methods offer enhanced potential as biomarkers for cardiovascular disease risk.
Further clinical validation is suggested to establish their role alongside traditional cardiovascular risk factors.