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Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.

Proteins: From Genes to Degradation

Proteins: From Genes to Degradation

Within a biological system, the DNA encodes the RNA, and the nucleotide sequence in the RNA further defines the amino acid sequence in the protein. This is referred to as “The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology” - a term coined by Francis Crick. Central dogma is a firm principle in biology that defines the flow of genetic information within any life form. The two fundamental steps in central dogma are - transcription and translation.
Transcription is the synthesis of RNA molecules by RNA...

Protein Glycosylation

Protein Glycosylation

Glycosylation, the most common post-translational modification for proteins, serves diverse functions. Adding sugars to proteins makes the proteins more resistant to proteolytic digestion. Glycosylated proteins can act as markers and receptors to promote cell-cell adhesion. Additionally, they have many essential quality control functions in the cell, such as correct protein folding and facilitating transport of misfolded proteins to the cytosol, which can be degraded.
Glycosylation occurs in...

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.

Proteins: From Genes to Degradation

Proteins: From Genes to Degradation

Within a biological system, the DNA encodes the RNA, and the nucleotide sequence in the RNA further defines the amino acid sequence in the protein. This is referred to as “The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology” - a term coined by Francis Crick. Central dogma is a firm principle in biology that defines the flow of genetic information within any life form. The two fundamental steps in central dogma are - transcription and translation.
Transcription is the synthesis of RNA molecules by RNA...

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

In Vivo Detection and Analysis of Rb Protein SUMOylation in Human Cells

In Vivo Detection and Analysis of Rb Protein SUMOylation in Human Cells

Published on: November 2, 2017

Concepts in sumoylation: a decade on.

Ruth Geiss-Friedlander¹, Frauke Melchior

¹Department of Biochemie I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Goettingen, Humboldt Allee 23, 37073 Goettingen, Germany.

Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology

|November 15, 2007

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) is a reversible protein modifier. SUMOylation impacts diverse cellular functions by altering protein interactions, localization, activity, and stability.

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Last Updated: May 12, 2026

In Vivo Detection and Analysis of Rb Protein SUMOylation in Human Cells

In Vivo Detection and Analysis of Rb Protein SUMOylation in Human Cells

Published on: November 2, 2017

In Vitro SUMOylation Assay to Study SUMO E3 Ligase Activity

In Vitro SUMOylation Assay to Study SUMO E3 Ligase Activity

Published on: January 29, 2018

Simultaneous Affinity Enrichment of Two Post-Translational Modifications for Quantification and Site Localization

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Published on: February 27, 2020

Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Molecular Biology
Cell Biology

Background:

Small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) was discovered a decade ago as a reversible post-translational protein modifier.
Numerous enzymes involved in SUMOylation and deSUMOylation pathways have since been identified and characterized.
A growing list of SUMO substrates has been identified, implicating SUMOylation in a wide array of cellular functions.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the progress in understanding SUMOylation pathways and substrates.
To explore the diverse outcomes of SUMOylation, including changes in protein localization, activity, and stability.
To elucidate the underlying mechanism by which SUMOylation affects cellular processes.

Main Methods:

Literature review of SUMOylation research.
Analysis of identified SUMOylation enzymes and substrates.
Synthesis of data on the functional consequences of SUMOylation.

Main Results:

Over 100 enzymes and numerous substrates involved in SUMOylation pathways have been identified.
SUMOylation is a dynamic process affecting diverse cellular functions.
SUMOylation outcomes include altered protein localization, activity, and stability.

Conclusions:

SUMOylation is a critical post-translational modification regulating numerous cellular processes.
The diverse effects of SUMOylation appear to stem from alterations in the molecular interactions of sumoylated proteins.
Further research into SUMOylation mechanisms will enhance understanding of cellular regulation.