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Related Concept Videos

Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems01:18

Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems

Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) enable the controlled release of drugs across the skin into systemic circulation. They are particularly advantageous for drugs with short half-lives or narrow therapeutic indices, as they maintain consistent plasma concentrations and reduce the risk of subtherapeutic or toxic levels.TDDS are categorized into monolithic, reservoir, and mixed systems. Monolithic systems embed the drug in a polymer matrix, where diffusion governs release. Reservoir systems...
Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Continuous-Release Systems01:26

Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Continuous-Release Systems

Continuous-release drug delivery systems offer a strategic approach to maintaining therapeutic drug levels over extended periods following oral administration. By modulating the release rate of active pharmaceutical ingredients, these systems minimize fluctuations in plasma concentrations, which enhances clinical efficacy and reduces the need for frequent dosing. Such characteristics make them particularly advantageous in managing chronic diseases where patient adherence and stable drug...
Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs through the...
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Stimuli-Activated01:30

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Stimuli-Activated

Stimuli-activated drug delivery systems are designed to release drugs in response to specific physical, chemical, or biological stimuli. These systems often utilize hydrogels—three-dimensional, hydrophilic polymer networks capable of swelling in aqueous environments and retaining significant fluid volumes. Upon exposure to particular stimuli, these hydrogels undergo structural transitions that allow the embedded drug to be released. Due to this adaptive behavior, such systems are also called...
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Bioavailability01:30

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Bioavailability

Modified-release (MR) dosage forms are designed to extend drug release over time, thereby maintaining stable plasma concentrations and reducing dosing frequency. However, their bioavailability is typically below 100% due to incomplete drug release and presystemic metabolism, and limitations in drug permeability across the gastrointestinal epithelium, all of which can restrict the fraction of the drug reaching systemic circulation. Consequently, studying the in vivo bioavailability of MR...
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Drug Release Characteristics01:22

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Drug Release Characteristics

Drug release from modified-release dosage forms is designed to achieve specific therapeutic effects by controlling the rate and extent of drug release. The classification of these drug release systems is based on key pharmacokinetic assumptions: drug disposition follows first-order kinetics, drug release is the rate-limiting step in absorption, and the released drug is rapidly and completely absorbed.There are four major models of drug release patterns. The first model is the slow zero-order...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Visualizing and Quantifying Pharmaceutical Compounds within Skin using Coherent Raman Scattering Imaging
11:07

Visualizing and Quantifying Pharmaceutical Compounds within Skin using Coherent Raman Scattering Imaging

Published on: November 24, 2021

Rivastigmine exposure provided by a transdermal patch versus capsules.

François Mercier1, Gilbert Lefèvre, Hsun-Lun Aaron Huang

  • 1Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland. francois.mercier@novartis.com

Current Medical Research and Opinion
|November 16, 2007
PubMed
Summary

The rivastigmine patch offers continuous drug delivery for Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, showing comparable exposure to capsules but with potentially improved tolerability.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Neuroscience
  • Drug Delivery Systems

Background:

  • Rivastigmine is a key treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease dementia.
  • Transdermal patch delivery offers an alternative to oral capsules for rivastigmine administration.
  • Understanding the pharmacokinetics of different rivastigmine delivery methods is crucial for optimizing patient care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the pharmacokinetics of rivastigmine delivered via transdermal patch versus oral capsules in AD patients.
  • To evaluate differences in peak plasma concentrations (Cmax), time to peak concentration (tmax), and overall drug exposure (AUC).
  • To assess the impact of confounding factors like body weight and gender on rivastigmine pharmacokinetics.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized both non-compartmental and compartmental pharmacokinetic analyses.
  • Analyzed data from a cohort of Alzheimer's disease patients.
  • Compared rivastigmine patch (4.6 mg and 9.5 mg) with oral capsules (3 mg BID and 6 mg BID).

Main Results:

  • The rivastigmine patch resulted in significantly lower Cmax and longer tmax compared to oral capsules.
  • No significant differences in overall drug exposure (AUC) were observed between the patch and capsule groups for comparable doses.
  • Pharmacokinetic parameters exhibited considerable inter-patient variability, particularly in the capsule group.

Conclusions:

  • Rivastigmine transdermal patch provides a less fluctuating, more continuous drug delivery profile.
  • This continuous delivery is associated with comparable overall drug exposure to oral capsules.
  • The rivastigmine patch may offer improved tolerability due to its distinct pharmacokinetic profile.