Sleep Apnea
Anatomy of Respiratory System I: Upper Respiratory Tract
Other Pulmonary Disorders
Tonsillitis I: Introduction
Physical Assessment of the Respiratory Tract I: Health History
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-III: Symptoms and Complications.
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Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Published on: December 6, 2016
Hao Wang1, Xi-long Zhang, Yu-ying Cai
1Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
Patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) have a higher incidence of sinus dysfunction (SD) compared to simple snorers. Lowering of Nadir pulse oxygen saturation during sleep is a primary risk factor for developing SD in severe OSAS patients.
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