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Electrocardiogram

Electrocardiogram

An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a critical diagnostic tool that records the electrical signals produced by the heart during each heartbeat. This recording is achieved through electrodes placed strategically on the arms, legs, and chest. The electrocardiograph amplifies these signals and produces 12 distinct tracings, offering a comprehensive understanding of the heart's electrical activity.
Three major waveforms are present in a typical ECG recording: the P wave, the QRS complex, and the T...

Electrocardiogram Fundamentals

Electrocardiogram Fundamentals

Introduction
An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a diagnostic tool for identifying cardiac conditions such as arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities, and myocardial ischemia.
Definition
An electrocardiogram (ECG) visualizes the heart's electrical activity by tracing the electrical movement associated with each heartbeat on a graph or monitor. As the heart beats, an electrical wave passes through it, correlating with the cardiac cycle events.
Parts of an ECG
An ECG utilizes electrodes on the skin to...

Holter Monitor: 24-Hour Monitoring

Holter Monitor: 24-Hour Monitoring

Holter monitoring is a continuous electrocardiography (ECG) recording that tracks the heart's electrical activity over an extended period, generally 24 to 48 hours. This noninvasive diagnostic tool detects irregular heart rhythms that may not be captured during a standard ECG performed in a clinical setting.DeviceThe Holter monitor is a portable, small device connected to several electrodes on the patient's chest. These electrodes detect the heart's electrical signals and transmit them to the...

Pulse rhythm

Pulse rhythm

Pulse rhythm refers to the pattern of pulsations within specific intervals, offering valuable insights into the regularity or irregularity of the heart's beats as observed through the pattern of pulsation within specific intervals. A regular pulse exhibits a consistent heart rate with uniform waveforms and pulsation force, variations of which can be classified as normal, weak, or bounding.
Conversely, an irregular pulse pattern is termed dysrhythmia, stemming from disruptions in cardiac muscle...

Instrumentation Amplifier

Instrumentation Amplifier

An electrocardiography (ECG) machine is an essential piece of medical equipment used to monitor the electrical activity of the heart. It operates by detecting small electrical changes on the skin that result from the depolarization of the heart muscle during each heartbeat. However, these signals are in the microvolt range and can be easily overwhelmed by noise or interference.
To overcome this challenge, an ECG machine utilizes an instrumentation amplifier. This specialized amplifier is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Real-Time Cardiac Mapping with a Noninvasive Imageless Electrocardiographic Imaging System

Real-Time Cardiac Mapping with a Noninvasive Imageless Electrocardiographic Imaging System

Published on: April 11, 2025

A modified cardiac stabilizer used for recording electrograms.

Jerzy Wtorek¹, Adam Bujnowski, A Nowakowski

¹Department of Biomedical Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology Electronics, Gdansk, Poland. jaolel@biomed.eti.pg.gda.pl

Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference

|November 16, 2007

Summary

This study presents a novel tissue stabilizer that prevents myocardial movement during beating heart surgery and simultaneously records epicardial electrograms. This device aids in monitoring myocardial ischemia during procedures like Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting.

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Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

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A Research Method For Detecting Transient Myocardial Ischemia In Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome Using Continuous ST-segment Analysis

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Published on: June 20, 2020

Area of Science:

Cardiovascular Surgery
Biomedical Engineering
Medical Devices

Background:

Tissue stabilizers prevent myocardial movement during cardiac surgery, particularly Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG).
Myocardial ischemia can occur during procedures involving blood arrest, necessitating methods for monitoring.
Existing stabilizers do not typically integrate electrophysiological monitoring capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

To present the construction of a modified tissue stabilizer for beating heart surgery.
To enable simultaneous recording of epicardial electrograms alongside standard ECG.
To investigate the utility of the stabilizer in monitoring myocardial ischemia.

Main Methods:

Development of a novel tissue stabilizer with integrated electrogram recording capabilities.
Simultaneous recording of four epicardial electrograms and one standard ECG lead.
Evaluation of the stabilizer and measurement system through tank studies and in vivo experiments.

Main Results:

The developed tissue stabilizer effectively prevents myocardial movement.
The system successfully recorded simultaneous epicardial electrograms and ECG.
Changes in electrogram time relations indicated modifications due to myocardial ischemia.

Conclusions:

The modified tissue stabilizer is suitable for beating heart surgery.
The integrated system allows for real-time monitoring of electrophysiological changes related to myocardial ischemia.
This technology offers potential for improved patient outcomes during cardiac procedures.