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Anatomy of the Heart

Anatomy of the Heart

The heart is a hollow, muscular organ approximately the size of a fist, consisting of four chambers. It is enclosed in the pericardium, a fibrous sac with two layers: the visceral and parietal pericardium, separated by a fluid-filled space containing serous fluid to reduce friction.
The heart has three layers: the innermost endocardium, the muscular myocardium, and the outer epicardium, all working together for optimal cardiac function.
Chambers of the Heart
The heart is made up of four...

Anatomy of the Heart

Anatomy of the Heart

The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The outermost layer, closest to the pericardium, is the epicardium. The pericardial cavity separates the pericardium from the epicardium. Beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, the middle layer, and the endocardium, the innermost layer. There are four chambers of the heart: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.

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Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Anatomically Realistic Neonatal Heart Model for Use in Neonatal Patient Simulators

Anatomically Realistic Neonatal Heart Model for Use in Neonatal Patient Simulators

Published on: February 5, 2019

A beating heart model 3D printed from specific patient data.

Mathias Markert¹, Stefan Weber, Tim C Lueth

¹Department of Micro Technology and Medical Device Technology, TU München, Germany. mathias.markert@tum.de

Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference

|November 16, 2007

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Patient-specific 3D heart models manufactured using starch-based 3D printing from CT/MRI data aid cardiac surgery planning. These flexible, color-coded models offer enhanced anatomical visualization and basic motion simulation.

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Medical Imaging
Cardiovascular Surgery

Background:

Accurate anatomical visualization is crucial for effective cardiac surgery planning.
Patient-specific models can improve understanding of complex cardiac structures.
Current methods may lack the flexibility and detailed visualization needed for surgical rehearsal.

Purpose of the Study:

To present a novel method for manufacturing patient-specific 3D heart models.
To evaluate the utility of these models in cardiac surgery planning.
To explore the potential of advanced 3D printing for creating functional anatomical models.

Main Methods:

Utilized CT and MRI data to create patient-specific digital heart models.
Employed starch-based 3D printing technology for model fabrication.
Incorporated multi-color printing to differentiate anatomical sections.
Developed flexible models for improved handling and tactile feedback.
Implemented coarse simulation of cardiac motion within the models.

Main Results:

Successfully manufactured patient-specific 3D heart models with high anatomical fidelity.
Demonstrated the ability to highlight different cardiac structures using distinct colors.
Produced flexible models that are easily handled and manipulated.
Achieved a basic simulation of heart motion, providing dynamic insights.
Confirmed the models' utility in enhancing understanding of surgical anatomy.

Conclusions:

Starch-based 3D printing offers a viable method for creating patient-specific, flexible, and color-coded cardiac models.
These models significantly aid surgical planning in cardiac surgery by providing detailed anatomical information.
The developed technology has the potential to improve surgical outcomes through enhanced pre-operative visualization and rehearsal.