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Related Concept Videos

Glial Cells01:04

Glial Cells

Overview
Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

Overview of Secretory Vesicles

Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
Various proteins regulate the aggregation of molecules inside the secretory vesicles. Chromogranins...
Nervous Tissue: Glial Cells01:31

Nervous Tissue: Glial Cells

Glia, or neuroglia, are vital support cells that assist neurons in their functions. The term "glia" originates from the Greek word for "glue," reflecting their role in holding the nervous system together. These cells can be categorized into six types: four in the central nervous system (CNS) and two in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
The CNS glial cell includes the astrocytes, the oligodendrocytes, the microglia, and the ependymal cells.
Astrocytes are star-shaped glial cells that interact...
Peripheral Nervous System: Ganglia and Nerves01:24

Peripheral Nervous System: Ganglia and Nerves

The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is a crucial component of the body's neural network, extending beyond the central nervous system (CNS) to bridge the gap between the CNS and the external environment. It encompasses nerves, ganglia, and sensory receptors.
Nerves
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The Synapse02:47

The Synapse

Neurons communicate with one another by passing on their electrical signals to other neurons. A synapse is the location where two neurons meet to exchange signals. At the synapse, the neuron that sends the signal is called the presynaptic cell, while the neuron that receives the message is called the postsynaptic cell. Note that most neurons can be both presynaptic and postsynaptic, as they both transmit and receive information.
Cell Motility through Blebbing01:16

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Blebbing Through the Matrix
In multicellular...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Aplysia Ganglia Preparation for Electrophysiological and Molecular Analyses of Single Neurons
09:11

Aplysia Ganglia Preparation for Electrophysiological and Molecular Analyses of Single Neurons

Published on: January 13, 2014

Aplysia bag cells function as a distributed neurosecretory network.

Nathan G Hatcher1, Jonathan V Sweedler

  • 1Deptartment of Chemistry, University of Illinois, 600 S. Mathews Ave., 63-5, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.

Journal of Neurophysiology
|November 16, 2007
PubMed
Summary

The sea slug

Area of Science:

  • Neuroendocrinology
  • Neurobiology
  • Marine Biology

Background:

  • Neuroendocrine systems often have complex, multi-site hormone release, but this is rarely confirmed.
  • The Aplysia californica bag cell neuron system regulates egg-laying behavior via peptide secretion from a single gene product, proELH.
  • Smaller egg-laying hormone-expressing cell groups exist outside the main abdominal clusters, connected to them.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To verify the multi-site hormone release in the Aplysia bag cell neuroendocrine system.
  • To investigate the anatomical organization and activation patterns of proELH release sites.
  • To understand the functional implications of distributed neurosecretory networks.

Main Methods:

  • Electrophysiological activation of bag cell afterdischarges in Aplysia.

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Preparation of Aplysia Sensory-motor Neuronal Cell Cultures
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Isolation of Sensory Neurons of Aplysia californica for Patch Clamp Recordings of Glutamatergic Currents
09:40

Isolation of Sensory Neurons of Aplysia californica for Patch Clamp Recordings of Glutamatergic Currents

Published on: July 10, 2013

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Aplysia Ganglia Preparation for Electrophysiological and Molecular Analyses of Single Neurons
09:11

Aplysia Ganglia Preparation for Electrophysiological and Molecular Analyses of Single Neurons

Published on: January 13, 2014

Preparation of Aplysia Sensory-motor Neuronal Cell Cultures
17:27

Preparation of Aplysia Sensory-motor Neuronal Cell Cultures

Published on: June 8, 2009

Isolation of Sensory Neurons of Aplysia californica for Patch Clamp Recordings of Glutamatergic Currents
09:40

Isolation of Sensory Neurons of Aplysia californica for Patch Clamp Recordings of Glutamatergic Currents

Published on: July 10, 2013

  • Site-specific sampling of releasates from discrete locations within the Aplysia CNS.
  • Analysis of sampled releasates using matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS).

    • Main Results:

    • Demonstrated multiple neurohemal release sites for the bag cell network, including abdominal clusters, pleural, and genital ganglion sites.
    • Observed descending activation patterns from cerebral and pleural ganglia to abdominal bag cell clusters.
    • Revealed spatially distinct release profiles of proELH-derived peptides from different neurohemal sites.

    Conclusions:

    • The Aplysia bag cell network exhibits a distributed neurosecretory organization with multiple release sites.
    • This organization involves descending activation pathways and site-specific peptide release.
    • Such distributed systems may be common in higher organisms, linking neuronal networks to multiple behaviors.