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Isolation And Dendritic Cell-Uptake of Small Extracellular Vesicles from Echinococcus granulosus
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Evidence for an increasing presence of Echinococcus multilocularis in foxes in The Netherlands.

Katsuhisa Takumi1, Ankje de Vries, Mei Ling Chu

  • 1Laboratory for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands. Katsuhisa.Takumi@rivm.nl

International Journal for Parasitology
|November 17, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Echinococcus multilocularis (a tapeworm) is emerging in The Netherlands, spreading northward at 2.7 km/year. Control is challenging due to high fox populations, posing a serious zoonotic risk.

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Parasitology
  • Zoonotic Disease Epidemiology
  • Wildlife Ecology

Background:

  • Echinococcus multilocularis causes alveolar echinococcosis, a significant human zoonosis.
  • The parasite's geographical range in Europe is expanding.
  • Its presence at the western edge of distribution in Europe required investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the emergence and spread of Echinococcus multilocularis in The Netherlands.
  • To estimate the parasite's population dynamics and transmission rate.
  • To analyze potential control strategies for this emerging zoonosis.

Main Methods:

  • Two consecutive parasitological examinations of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) between 1996 and 2003.
  • Application of a mathematical model for spatially spreading parasites.
  • Estimation of the parasite's reproduction number (R0) and critical fox density for elimination.

Main Results:

  • A significant increase in average worm count per fox, from 2.6 to 16.6.
  • Evidence of northward parasite spread at an estimated speed of 2.7 km per year.
  • Estimated reproduction number (R0) between 1 and 4, indicating sustained transmission.

Conclusions:

  • Echinococcus multilocularis is an emerging parasite in The Netherlands and Western Europe.
  • The parasite population is increasing and spreading geographically.
  • Control strategies are hampered by high red fox population density, complicating elimination efforts.