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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Collecting Sleep, Circadian, Fatigue, and Performance Data in Complex Operational Environments

Collecting Sleep, Circadian, Fatigue, and Performance Data in Complex Operational Environments

Published on: August 8, 2019

Mortality patterns following downsizing at Pan American World Airways.

Kyle Steenland¹, Lynne E Pinkerton

¹Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. nsteenl@sph.emory.edu

American Journal of Epidemiology

|November 17, 2007

Summary

Involuntary job loss did not increase mortality risk compared to voluntary departures. Both groups experienced a healthy worker effect, indicating lower mortality than the general population.

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Area of Science:

Occupational Health
Epidemiology
Sociomedical Sciences

Background:

Limited research exists on the health impacts of involuntary unemployment.
Existing studies on job loss and mortality yield conflicting results.
Understanding the long-term health consequences of workforce downsizing is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the mortality rates of employees who experienced involuntary unemployment.
To compare mortality risks between involuntary and voluntary job leavers.
To assess the impact of company bankruptcy on employee health outcomes.

Main Methods:

A cohort study of 13,370 former Pan American World Airways employees (born before 1940).
Follow-up until 2002, categorizing leavers as voluntary, involuntary, or due to illness.
Mortality analysis using standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and rate ratios, adjusted for covariates.

Main Results:

No significant difference in all-cause or ischemic heart disease mortality between involuntary and voluntary leavers (Rate Ratios ~0.96 and ~1.11).
Employees who left due to illness had significantly higher mortality (SMR=2.40).
Subanalyses of involuntary leavers (age >/=60 or at bankruptcy) showed no excess mortality.

Conclusions:

Involuntary unemployment, in this cohort, did not lead to increased mortality compared to voluntary separation.
A strong healthy worker effect was observed in both voluntary and involuntary leavers.
Illness-related departures were associated with substantially elevated mortality risks.