Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Radical Reactivity: Steric Effects01:10

Radical Reactivity: Steric Effects

The presence of electron-donating, electron-withdrawing, or conjugating groups adjacent to a radical center, imparts electronic stabilization to the radicals. Examples of such electronically-stabilized radicals are triphenylmethyl, tetramethylpiperidine‐N‐oxide, and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl. These radicals are remarkably stable and are known as persistent radicals. Some of the persistent radicals can even be isolated and purified.
Along with electronic factors, steric factors also account...
Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals01:02

Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals

Radicals adjacent to electron‐withdrawing groups are called electrophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with nucleophilic alkenes. For example, the malonate radical, in which the radical center is flanked by two electron‐withdrawing groups, reacts readily with butyl vinyl ether, which consists of an electron‐donating oxygen substituent. The reaction between electrophilic malonate radical and nucleophilic vinyl ether is favored because the radical has a low‐energy SOMO, which interacts...
Radicals: Electronic Structure and Geometry01:07

Radicals: Electronic Structure and Geometry

This lesson delves into the geometry of a radical, which is influenced by the electronic structure of the molecule. The principle is similar to that of a lone pair, where the unpaired electron influences the geometry at the radical center.
Accordingly, the structure of a trivalent radical lies between the geometries of carbocations and carbanions. An sp2-hybridized carbocation is trigonal planar, while an sp3-hybridized carbanion is trigonal pyramidal. Here, the difference in geometry is...
Radical Reactivity: Overview01:11

Radical Reactivity: Overview

Radicals, the highly reactive species, gain stability by undergoing three different reactions. The first reaction involves a radical-radical coupling, in which a radical combines with another radical, forming a spin‐paired molecule. The second reaction is between a radical and a spin‐paired molecule, generating a new radical and a new spin‐paired molecule. The third reaction is radical decomposition in a unimolecular reaction, forming a new radical and a spin‐paired molecule. These three...
π Molecular Orbitals of the Allyl Radical01:27

π Molecular Orbitals of the Allyl Radical

Allyl radicals are three-carbon conjugated systems. They are readily formed as intermediates in halogenation reactions of alkenes involving the addition of halogen to the allylic carbon instead of the double bond. As seen in allyl cations and anions, each of the three sp2-hybridized carbon atoms in allyl radicals has an unhybridized p orbital. These orbitals combine to give three π molecular orbitals.
The allyl systems have identical molecular orbitals but differ in the number of π electrons.
Radical Formation: Addition00:47

Radical Formation: Addition

Radicals can be formed by adding a radical to a spin-paired molecule. This is typically observed with unsaturated species, where the addition of a radical across the π bond leads to the production of a new radical by dissolving the π bond. For example, the addition of a Br radical to an alkene yields a carbon-centered radical.
Similar to charge conservation in chemical reactions, spin conservation is implicit for radical reactions. Accordingly, the product formed must possess an unpaired...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

<i>S</i>-Oxide <i>peri</i>-Annulated Blatter Radicals: A Paradigm for Chiral Radicals.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same author

Azahelicene-fused Blatter radicals: chiral paramagnetic NIR absorbers.

Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)·2026
Same author

Raising the HOMO level of the [<i>closo</i>-B<sub>10</sub>H<sub>10</sub>]<sup>2-</sup> anion: apical alkyl derivatives for modern materials.

Chemical science·2025
Same author

Ladder-Type Cu(II) Coordination Polymer with π-π Stacking of Planar Blatter Radical Ligands: Structural and Magnetic Characterization.

Crystal growth & design·2025
Same author

Photocyclization of 8-Aryloxybenzo[<i>e</i>][1,2,4]triazines Revisited: Unambiguous Structural Assignment of Planar Blatter Radicals by Correlation NMR Spectroscopy.

The Journal of organic chemistry·2025
Same author

Photochemical synthesis of carbazole-fused Blatter radicals: effective spin injection to the carbazole system.

Chemical science·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst
06:49

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst

Published on: April 22, 2016

New pi-delocalized persistent radicals.

Piotr Kaszynski1

  • 1Organic Materials Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA. piotr.kaszynski@vanderbilt.edu

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 17, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Researchers explored heterocyclic radicals for liquid crystal molecules. Five systems were studied for synthesis, stability, and creating mesogenic materials.

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Organic Chemistry

Background:

  • Liquid crystals (LCs) are crucial in display technologies.
  • Incorporating heterocyclic structures offers unique electronic and physical properties to LCs.
  • Heterocyclic radicals are promising building blocks for novel mesogenic materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review progress in the theoretical and experimental investigation of heterocyclic radicals for liquid crystal applications.
  • To discuss the synthesis, stability, and functionalization of five distinct heterocyclic systems.
  • To evaluate their potential for creating advanced mesogenic materials.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of theoretical and experimental studies.
  • Analysis of synthetic routes for five classes of heterocyclic systems.

More Related Videos

Measurement of Ultrafast Vibrational Coherences in Polyatomic Radical Cations with Strong-Field Adiabatic Ionization
08:22

Measurement of Ultrafast Vibrational Coherences in Polyatomic Radical Cations with Strong-Field Adiabatic Ionization

Published on: August 6, 2018

Isolating Free Carbenes, their Mixed Dimers and Organic Radicals
10:44

Isolating Free Carbenes, their Mixed Dimers and Organic Radicals

Published on: April 19, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst
06:49

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst

Published on: April 22, 2016

Measurement of Ultrafast Vibrational Coherences in Polyatomic Radical Cations with Strong-Field Adiabatic Ionization
08:22

Measurement of Ultrafast Vibrational Coherences in Polyatomic Radical Cations with Strong-Field Adiabatic Ionization

Published on: August 6, 2018

Isolating Free Carbenes, their Mixed Dimers and Organic Radicals
10:44

Isolating Free Carbenes, their Mixed Dimers and Organic Radicals

Published on: April 19, 2019

  • Assessment of radical stability and functionalization strategies.

    • Main Results:

    • Detailed discussion of five heterocyclic systems suitable for LC incorporation.
    • Insights into their preparation methods and inherent stability.
    • Demonstration of functionalization pathways toward mesogenic compounds.

    Conclusions:

    • Heterocyclic radicals represent a viable strategy for designing novel liquid crystalline materials.
    • The discussed systems offer diverse properties and synthetic accessibility.
    • Further research can leverage these findings for next-generation LC devices.