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Related Concept Videos

Propagation of Waves01:07

Propagation of Waves

When a wave propagates from one medium to another, part of it may get reflected in the first medium, and part of it may get transmitted to the second medium. In such a case, the interface of the two mediums can be considered as a boundary that is neither fixed nor free.
Consider a scenario where a wave propagates from a string of low linear mass density to a string of high linear mass density. In such a case, the reflected wave is out of phase with respect to the incident wave, however the...
Propagation Speed of Electromagnetic Waves01:30

Propagation Speed of Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic waves are consistent with Ampere's law. Assuming there is no conduction current Ampere's law is given as:
Plane Electromagnetic Waves I01:30

Plane Electromagnetic Waves I

The existence of combined electric and magnetic fields that propagate through space as electromagnetic (EM) waves is the most significant prediction of Maxwell's equations. As Maxwell's equations hold in free space, the predicted electromagnetic waves do not require a medium for their propagation. An EM wave comprises an electric field, defined as the force per charge on a stationary charge, and a magnetic field, which is the force per charge on a moving charge.
The EM field is assumed to be a...
Electromagnetic Wave Equation01:24

Electromagnetic Wave Equation

Maxwell's equations for electromagnetic fields are related to source charges, either static or moving. These fields act on a test charge, whose trajectory can thus be determined using suitable boundary conditions. The objective of electromagnetism is thus theoretically complete.
However, although electric and magnetic fields were first introduced as mathematical constructs to simplify the description of mutual forces between charges, a natural question emerges from Maxwell's equations: What...
Standing Waves in a Cavity01:28

Standing Waves in a Cavity

A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:
Reflection of Waves01:07

Reflection of Waves

When a wave travels from one medium to another, it gets reflected at the boundary of the second medium. A common example of this is when a person yells at a distance from a cliff and hears the echo of their voice. The sound waves (longitudinal waves) traveling in the air are reflected from the bounding cliff. Similarly, flipping one end of a string whose other end is tied to a wall causes a pulse (transverse wave) to travel through the string, which gets reflected upon reaching the wall. In...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Continuous-Wave Propagation Channel-Sounding Measurement System - Testing, Verification, and Measurements
09:36

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Published on: June 25, 2021

Reference-wave solutions for high-frequency fields propagating in random media.

Reuven Mazar, Alexander Bronshtein

    Optics Letters
    |November 17, 2007
    PubMed
    Summary

    A new reference-wave method offers an analytic solution for high-frequency fields in random environments. This approach aids in calculating statistical measures by analyzing isolated ray trajectories for wave propagation.

    Area of Science:

    • Physics
    • Wave Propagation
    • Electromagnetics

    Background:

    • Ray theory is crucial for understanding high-frequency field propagation in complex random environments.
    • The ray approach synthesizes observer fields from multiple trajectories affected by refraction and scattering.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a method for calculating statistical measures of high-frequency fields.
    • To provide an analytic solution for high-frequency fields propagating along isolated ray trajectories.

    Main Methods:

    • Developed a novel reference-wave method.
    • Applied the method to solve the parabolic-wave equation.

    Main Results:

    • The reference-wave method provides an analytic solution for the parabolic-wave equation.

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  • Enables computation of statistical measures for fields along isolated ray trajectories.

    • Conclusions:

    • The new method is effective for analyzing wave propagation in random media.
    • Facilitates accurate statistical analysis of complex wave phenomena.