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Related Concept Videos

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
Clinical Significance of Antibiotic Resistance01:25

Clinical Significance of Antibiotic Resistance

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) presents a critical public health threat, arising from its capacity to resist β-lactam antibiotics due to acquisition of the mecA gene within the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec). This gene encodes penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a), which impairs binding efficacy of methicillin and other β-lactams. MRSA has evolved into distinct clonal lineages impacting humans and animals alike, reinforcing its significance within the One...
Drugs for Treatment of Diarrhea-Predominant IBS01:17

Drugs for Treatment of Diarrhea-Predominant IBS

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Antimicrobial Effectiveness01:28

Antimicrobial Effectiveness

The effectiveness of antimicrobial agents depends on various factors influencing their ability to eliminate microbial populations. Larger microbial populations require more time for complete eradication, emphasizing the importance of population size analysis when evaluating antimicrobial efficacy.Microbial resistance to antimicrobial agents varies significantly. Highly resilient microorganisms include endospores, gram-negative bacteria, and non-enveloped viruses, while prions are exceptionally...
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Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disorder marked by chronic inflammation of the GI tract. Various treatment strategies for Crohn's disease are employed, such as immunomodulatory agents, glucocorticoids, and biologics or anti-TNF therapy. Azathioprine (Imuran), a commonly used immunomodulatory drug for Crohn's disease, is converted in the body to mercaptopurine, which inhibits purine biosynthesis and cell proliferation. Both are utilized in severe cases of Inflammatory Bowel Disease...
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Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory condition primarily affecting the colon and rectum. The primary drugs used in the treatment of ulcerative colitis are aminosalicylates. They exhibit anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. They modulate inflammatory mediators and inhibit the activity of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). Aminosalicylates also reduce inflammation by inhibiting prostaglandin and leukotriene production and decreasing neutrophil chemotaxis and superoxide generation. 

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection
09:12

A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection

Published on: June 15, 2018

Prospects for a vaccine for Clostridium difficile.

L Kyne1, C P Kelly

  • 1Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Gerontology, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.

Biodrugs : Clinical Immunotherapeutics, Biopharmaceuticals and Gene Therapy
|November 21, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Clostridium difficile infection, a growing concern linked to antibiotics, causes significant intestinal inflammation. Research indicates that antitoxin antibodies may protect against severe C. difficile disease, with active immunization showing promise for long-term control.

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Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291
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Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291

Published on: December 10, 2016

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Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection
09:12

A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection

Published on: June 15, 2018

Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291
06:51

Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291

Published on: December 10, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Gastroenterology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a significant nosocomial pathogen, increasingly prevalent due to antibiotic use and aging populations.
  • The disease is characterized by inflammation of the intestinal mucosa, primarily caused by toxins A and B produced by C. difficile.
  • While antibiotic treatments manage individual cases, they have not reduced the overall incidence of nosocomial CDI.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of antitoxin antibodies in protection against Clostridium difficile infection.
  • To explore the potential of passive and active immunization strategies for preventing and treating CDI.
  • To assess the effectiveness of current and emerging immunotherapies for C. difficile-associated disease.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing evidence on human antibody responses to C. difficile toxins A and B.
  • Analysis of animal model studies demonstrating the protective effects of passive antibody administration.
  • Evaluation of human clinical trials involving intravenous immunoglobulin and ongoing oral bovine immunoglobulin therapies.
  • Examination of animal studies using inactivated C. difficile toxins and culture filtrates for active immunization.

Main Results:

  • Human antibody responses to C. difficile toxins are common, with evidence suggesting a protective role against severe or recurrent disease.
  • Passive immunity via antibody administration is protective in animal models and has shown success in treating severe/recurrent human CDI.
  • Active immunization strategies using inactivated toxins are effective in animals and are under investigation for human use.

Conclusions:

  • Antitoxin antibodies offer potential protection against severe Clostridium difficile diarrhoea and colitis.
  • Passive immunotherapy has demonstrated clinical success in recurrent and severe cases.
  • Active immunization represents the most promising long-term strategy for controlling this iatrogenic disease.