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Herpes

Herpes

Herpes simplex type 1 (HSV‑1) is a widespread pathogen responsible for orolabial lesions. It is an enveloped, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) virus belonging to the family Herpesviridae. Once the virus infects a host cell, its double‑stranded DNA genome is delivered into the nucleus, where a coordinated cascade of immediate‑early, early, and late gene expression directs viral DNA replication, structural protein synthesis, and virion assembly. After primary infection of epithelial cells, HSV-1...

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Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted infection primarily caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), though herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is increasingly implicated in genital infections, particularly among younger populations. Transmission occurs mainly through sexual contact, with asymptomatic viral shedding serving as a major route of spread. This characteristic makes HSV-2 difficult to control at a population level, as individuals may unknowingly transmit the virus even in the...

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Chickenpox is an acute, highly contagious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Herpesviridae family. Its transmission occurs primarily through the inhalation of respiratory droplets or direct contact with vesicular fluid from skin lesions. The incubation period typically ranges from 10 to 21 days, during which the virus replicates and disseminates through sequential phases within the host. Although generally self-limiting in children,...

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Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...

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Vaccine production involves a sequence of upstream and downstream processes to generate a safe and effective immunological product. It begins with cultivating microorganisms, such as viruses or bacteria, to obtain antigenic material. For viral vaccines, mammalian host cells are grown in bioreactors and subsequently infected with the target virus. The virus replicates within the host cells, which are lysed to release viral particles. This lysate is then clarified through filtration or...

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Related Experiment Video

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Recurrent Herpetic Stromal Keratitis in Mice, a Model for Studying Human HSK

Recurrent Herpetic Stromal Keratitis in Mice, a Model for Studying Human HSK

Published on: December 18, 2012

Herpesvirus vaccines: an update.

R Jennings¹, T Green, G R Kinghorn

¹Division of Molecular and Genetic Medicine and Sheffield Institute for Vaccine Studies, Sheffield, England.

Biodrugs : Clinical Immunotherapeutics, Biopharmaceuticals and Gene Therapy

|November 21, 2007

Summary

Developing effective herpesvirus vaccines is crucial for public health. Current research explores various vaccine strategies, including live attenuated and subunit vaccines, to combat latent herpesvirus infections.

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Expression and Purification of Virus-like Particles for Vaccination

Expression and Purification of Virus-like Particles for Vaccination

Published on: June 2, 2016

Area of Science:

Virology
Immunology
Vaccinology

Background:

Herpesviruses cause diverse diseases in immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals.
These viruses establish latent infections, necessitating both prophylactic and therapeutic vaccine approaches.
Advancements in molecular microbiology and genetic engineering drive vaccine development.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current vaccine strategies against herpesviruses.
To highlight challenges and successes in developing herpesvirus vaccines.
To explore novel vaccine technologies for existing and emerging herpesviruses.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on herpesvirus vaccine development.
Analysis of various vaccine formulations: live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, and vector-based.
Examination of clinical and immunological assessment methodologies.

Main Results:

Live attenuated vaccines for varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) show efficacy.
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) glycoprotein vaccines demonstrate immunogenicity but limited efficacy in reducing seroconversion.
Newer technologies like plasmid and engineered live vectors are being developed.

Conclusions:

Vaccine development for herpesviruses is complex due to their latent nature.
Existing vaccines (VZV, CMV) offer protection, but challenges remain for HSV.
Novel technologies hold promise for future vaccines against a broader range of herpesviruses, including HHV-6, 7, and 8.