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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Restraint to Induce Stress in Mice and Rats
03:48

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Published on: December 6, 2024

Resource clusters and variation in physical restraint use.

Ann F Minnick1, Lou Fogg, Lorraine C Mion

  • 1School of Nursing, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA. Ann.Minnick@vanderbilt.edu

Journal of Nursing Scholarship : an Official Publication of Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing
|November 21, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Hospital resource variation significantly impacts nursing care. Patient characteristics, not resource clusters, best explain physical restraint rates in acute and intensive care units. Further research is recommended.

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Area of Science:

  • Healthcare Management
  • Nursing Research
  • Hospital Operations

Background:

  • Significant variation exists in nursing labor, capital, and process-of-care resources across U.S. adult acute and intensive care units.
  • Understanding resource allocation and its impact on patient care is crucial for quality improvement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify inter- and intrainstitutional variation in nursing-related resources.
  • To identify resource clusters within healthcare units.
  • To analyze the role of resource clusters in explaining physical restraint rates.

Main Methods:

  • Descriptive study utilizing data from 82 adult acute care and 55 intensive care units across 40 U.S. hospitals.
  • Data collected via staff nurse surveys, unit leader interviews, and unit design measurements.
  • Physical restraint rates determined through direct observation.

Main Results:

  • Resource variation between intensive care units (ICUs) ranged from 7% to 57%, and between adult acute units from 5% to 45%.
  • Cluster analysis revealed two clusters for ICUs and three for non-ICUs, with variation in cluster assignment within hospitals.
  • Patient characteristics, not resource clusters or individual resources, were the primary predictors of physical restraint use.

Conclusions:

  • Assuming uniform resources among similar units within a hospital is not supported.
  • Future outcome studies require unit-level resource measurement.
  • Further investigation into the impact of resource clusters on nurse-sensitive outcomes is warranted.