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Related Concept Videos

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever01:26

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) is a severe tick-borne illness caused by Rickettsia rickettsii, a Gram-negative, coccobacillary bacterium. This pathogen is an obligate intracellular parasite, requiring a host cell for replication. Transmission occurs through the bite of an infected tick. In the United States, the most important vectors are Dermacentor variabilis (American dog tick) and Dermacentor andersoni (Rocky Mountain wood tick), though other tick species may also serve as vectors.
Pulmonary Tuberculosis II01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
Here is a detailed explanation of its pathophysiology:
Transmission: The process begins when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis. These are typically released into the air when an individual with pulmonary or...
Leishmaniasis01:30

Leishmaniasis

Leishmaniasis is a protozoal disease caused by species of the genus Leishmania and transmitted through the bite of infected female sandflies. The parasite exists in two principal morphological forms during its life cycle. A sandfly acquires intracellular amastigotes from an infected reservoir host, such as a dog. Within the sandfly, these forms differentiate into motile, flagellated promastigotes. During a subsequent blood meal, promastigotes are injected into the human host, where they...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis III01:31

Pulmonary Tuberculosis III

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection primarily affecting the lung parenchyma but which can also affect other body parts. TB can be classified based on disease development, presentation, and the affected anatomical site.
The first classification is based on the development of the disease, and it includes the following categories:
Toxoplasmosis01:28

Toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasmosis, a zoonotic disease caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, poses significant public health challenges globally due to its high seroprevalence and varied clinical manifestations. As an obligate intracellular parasite, T. gondii can infect all warm-blooded vertebrates, but felids are its only definitive hosts, shedding unsporulated oocysts into the environment. Humans typically acquire the infection through ingestion of tissue cysts in undercooked meat or oocysts from...
Other Pulmonary Disorders01:17

Other Pulmonary Disorders

Respiratory disorders encompass a range of conditions with varying levels of severity. Asthma, marked by chronic airway inflammation and hypersensitivity, is one such condition. It can lead to airway obstruction due to factors like bronchial spasms, mucosal edema, increased mucus secretion, or epithelial damage. Asthma triggers are diverse, ranging from allergens to emotional upset, and treatment focuses on both immediate relief through bronchodilators and long-term inflammation suppression.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
04:44

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease

Published on: June 16, 2020

Sarcoidosis.

Hilario Nunes1, Diane Bouvry, Paul Soler

  • 1Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Avicenne, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris et Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Nord, 93009 Bobigny, France. hilario.nunes@avc.aphp.fr

Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases
|November 21, 2007
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sarcoidosis is a multisystemic inflammatory disease characterized by granulomas. While often resolving spontaneously, severe cases require treatment, with corticosteroids being the primary therapy.

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Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
04:44

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease

Published on: June 16, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Pulmonology
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Sarcoidosis is a multisystemic disorder of unknown etiology.
  • It involves the formation of immune granulomas in various organs, predominantly the lungs and lymphatic system.
  • Incidence varies globally, affecting approximately 16.5-19 per 100,000 individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of sarcoidosis.
  • To discuss its clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment.
  • To highlight the variability in disease evolution and severity.

Main Methods:

  • Diagnosis relies on clinical and radiographic findings.
  • Biopsy evidence of non-caseating granulomas is crucial.
  • Exclusion of other granulomatous diseases is necessary.

Main Results:

  • Chest radiography is abnormal in ~90% of cases, showing lymphadenopathy and/or infiltrates.
  • Vitamin D3 metabolism abnormalities and hypercalcemia can occur.
  • Disease evolution is variable, with spontaneous resolution in many cases.

Conclusions:

  • Sarcoidosis management depends on clinical presentation and disease severity.
  • Systemic corticosteroids are the mainstay of treatment, with a minimum duration of 12 months.
  • Alternative therapies including immunosuppressants, aminoquinolines, and anti-TNF-alpha agents are used for refractory cases.