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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

A Rapidly Incremented Tethered-Swimming Maximal Protocol for Cardiorespiratory Assessment of Swimmers

A Rapidly Incremented Tethered-Swimming Maximal Protocol for Cardiorespiratory Assessment of Swimmers

Published on: January 28, 2020

Body roll in simulated freestyle swimming.

J Lee¹, R Mellifont, J Winstanley

¹Faculty of Science, Health and Education, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Australia.

International Journal of Sports Medicine

|November 21, 2007

Summary

Elite swimmers exhibit distinct body roll patterns during freestyle swimming. Analysis reveals sex and breathing influence the timing and sequence of hip, chest, and head roll within the propulsive phase.

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Published on: December 7, 2016

Area of Science:

Biomechanics
Sports Science
Swimming Performance

Background:

Understanding freestyle swimming biomechanics is crucial for performance enhancement.
Body roll is a key component of efficient freestyle technique.
Previous research has not fully elucidated sex-specific differences in body roll timing and sequence.

Purpose of the Study:

To analyze the timing and sequence of body roll in elite freestyle swimmers.
To investigate the influence of sex and breathing on body roll kinematics.
To compare body roll patterns between breathing and non-breathing strokes.

Main Methods:

Three-dimensional kinematic data of head, chest, and hips were collected from eleven elite freestyle swimmers.
Swimmers performed on a custom-built swim bench simulating 100-m freestyle.
Linear mixed modelling was used to analyze the effects of sex and breathing.

Main Results:

Similar body roll timing between sexes for breathing strokes (head, chest, hips).
Differences in non-breathing stroke timing observed, with earlier male hip roll.
Distinct sequence patterns found for breathing (head precedes hips/chest) versus non-breathing strokes (hip, chest, head).

Conclusions:

Elite freestyle swimmers demonstrate distinct body roll timing and sequence patterns influenced by sex and breathing.
Breathing strategy significantly alters the sequence of body roll movements.
Maximal body roll angles vary between genders and stroke types, highlighting technique nuances.