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Related Concept Videos

UV–Vis Spectrometers01:14

UV–Vis Spectrometers

The absorbance of UV and visible (UV–visible) radiations is measured using a UV–visible spectrophotometer. Deuterium lamps, which emit UV radiation, and tungsten lamps, which produce radiation in the visible region, are used as light sources in UV–visible spectrophotometers. A monochromator or prism is used for diffraction grating, i.e., to split the incoming radiation into different wavelengths. A system of slits is used to focus the desired wavelength on the sample cell. Samples for...
Degree of Unsaturation02:05

Degree of Unsaturation

The degree of unsaturation (U), or index of hydrogen deficiency (IHD), is defined as the difference in the number of pairs of hydrogen atoms between the compound and the acyclic alkane with the same number of carbon atoms. Each double bond or ring costs two hydrogen atoms compared to a saturated analog and results in one degree of unsaturation.
The degree of unsaturation for hydrocarbons is U = (2C + 2 − H) / 2, where C is the number of carbon atoms and H is the number of hydrogen atoms.
For...
Ultraviolet and Visible (UV–Vis) Spectroscopy: Overview01:02

Ultraviolet and Visible (UV–Vis) Spectroscopy: Overview

Ultraviolet–visible (UV–visible or UV–Vis) spectroscopy is an analytical technique that investigates the interaction between matter and UV–Vis light within the electromagnetic spectrum. This method is widely used for its versatility, simplicity, and relatively quick data acquisition, making it valuable for both qualitative and quantitative analysis. When UV–Vis radiation passes through a material,  molecules absorb light depending on the energy required for electronic transitions. As a result...
UV–Vis Spectrum01:30

UV–Vis Spectrum

When light passes through a substance, a portion of the light is absorbed while the remaining light is reflected or transmitted. If the molecule absorbs light between the wavelengths of 180–400 nm range, the UV spectrum is obtained, and if it absorbs light in the 400–780 nm wavelength range, the visible spectrum is obtained.     
The UV–Vis spectrum of a molecule is the plot of its absorbance versus wavelength. The plot is drawn by taking molar absorptivity (ε) or log ε on the y-axis (ordinate)...
UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Woodward–Fieser Rules01:29

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Woodward–Fieser Rules

UV–Visible absorption spectra of conjugated dienes arise from the lowest energy π → π* transitions. The light-absorbing part of the molecule is called the chromophore, and the substituents directly attached to the chromophore are called auxochromes. A strong correlation exists between the absorption maxima, λmax, and the structure of a conjugated π system. The Woodward–Fieser rules predict the value of λmax for a given structure by adding the contributions...
UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Beer–Lambert Law01:09

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Beer–Lambert Law

The Beer-Lambert law describes the relationship between absorbance and concentration, which combines the principles established by scientists Johann Heinrich Lambert and August Beer. Lambert's law states that when light passes through a medium, the loss in intensity is directly proportional to the original intensity and the path length of the light. Beer's law proposed that the transmittance of a solution remains constant if the product of concentration and path length is constant. The modern...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Measurement of Aerosols Optical Thickness of the Atmosphere using the GLOBE Handheld Sun Photometer
06:27

Measurement of Aerosols Optical Thickness of the Atmosphere using the GLOBE Handheld Sun Photometer

Published on: May 29, 2019

Analytic formula for the clear-sky UV index.

Sasha Madronich1

  • 1National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA. sasha@ucar.edu

Photochemistry and Photobiology
|November 22, 2007
PubMed
Summary

A new formula estimates the UV Index (UVI) using solar zenith angle and total ozone column. This approximation is accurate within 10% for cloud-free conditions, aiding UV radiation assessment.

Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric Physics and Chemistry
  • Solar Radiation and UV Index Modeling

Background:

  • Accurate estimation of the Ultraviolet Index (UVI) is crucial for understanding UV radiation exposure.
  • Previous models often require complex calculations or detailed atmospheric data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a simplified, approximate formula for calculating the UVI.
  • To establish a formula applicable under clear-sky, unpolluted conditions with low surface albedo.

Main Methods:

  • Derived an approximate formula based on a physical model of UV-B and UV-A transmission.
  • Utilized a detailed radiative transfer model to tune the formula's coefficients.
  • Validated the formula's accuracy concerning solar zenith angle and total ozone column.

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In situ Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering on Roll-To-Roll Coating of Organic Solar Cells with Laboratory X-ray Instrumentation
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Main Results:

  • The proposed formula: UVI ≈ 12.5μ₀(2.42)(Ω/300)⁻¹·²³, where μ₀ is the cosine of the solar zenith angle and Ω is the total vertical ozone column (in Dobson Units).
  • The formula demonstrates accuracy within 10% for solar zenith angles from 0-60 degrees and ozone columns from 200-400 DU.
  • External factors like clouds and haze were found to largely preserve the derived dependencies.

Conclusions:

  • A computationally efficient formula for UVI estimation has been established for ideal atmospheric conditions.
  • The formula's robustness suggests its utility as a practical tool for UV radiation assessment.
  • Further research can explore its applicability under more varied atmospheric scenarios.