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Related Concept Videos

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Principle01:19

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Principle

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the most widely used plasma source in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), also known as Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The ICP source, or torch, consists of three concentric quartz tubes with argon gas flowing through them. A spark from a Tesla coil initiates the ionization of argon, generating a high-temperature plasma.
The ions and electrons produced interact with the fluctuating magnetic field created by a water-cooled...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab01:29

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab

AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods01:25

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) atomizes samples through flame atomization or electrothermal atomization. Flame atomization typically involves a nebulizer and spray chamber assembly to combine the sample with a fuel–oxidant mixture, creating a fine aerosol mist that enters a burner. Typically, the fuel and oxidant are combined in an approximately stoichiometric ratio. However, for atoms that are easily oxidized, a fuel-rich mixture may be more advantageous. Only about 5% of the aerosol...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry (ICP–MS): Overview01:19

Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry (ICP–MS): Overview

In inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS), an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) torch is used as an atomizer and ionizer. Solid samples are dissolved and volatilized before being introduced into the high-temperature argon plasma, while solution samples are nebulized and passed through the high-temperature argon plasma. Plasma dissociates the analytes and ionizes their component atoms to form a mixture of positive ions and molecular species. The positive ions are then passed on to...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Lab01:21

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Lab

For AAS measurements, samples must be introduced as clear solutions, often requiring extensive preliminary treatment to dissolve materials like soils, animal tissues, and minerals. Common methods for sample preparation include treatment with hot mineral acids, wet ashing, combustion in closed containers, high-temperature ashing, or fusion with reagents.
 Solutions containing organic solvents, such as low-molecular-mass alcohols, esters, or ketones, enhance absorbances by increasing nebulizer...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Characterization of Recombination Effects in a Liquid Ionization Chamber Used for the Dosimetry of a Radiosurgical Accelerator
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Characterization of Recombination Effects in a Liquid Ionization Chamber Used for the Dosimetry of a Radiosurgical Accelerator

Published on: May 9, 2014

Air-kerma determination using a variable-volume cavity ionization chamber standard.

D T Burns1, C Kessler, P Roger

  • 1Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Pavillon de Breteuil, 92312 Sèvres CEDEX, France.

Physics in Medicine and Biology
|November 22, 2007
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study details a new graphite-walled ionization chamber for measuring air-kerma rate. Results show a slight volume dependency, impacting air-kerma standards.

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Published on: June 8, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics
  • Radiation Dosimetry
  • Metrology

Background:

  • Accurate determination of air-kerma rate is crucial for radiation therapy and diagnostic imaging.
  • Existing standards for air-kerma may be affected by subtle chamber volume dependencies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a modular ionization chamber for precise air-kerma rate determination.
  • To investigate the influence of chamber volume on air-kerma measurements.
  • To assess the consistency of the new chamber's results with the BIPM standard.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a modular graphite-walled cavity ionization chamber with variable volume configurations.
  • Performed high-accuracy mechanical volume measurements using a coordinate measuring machine.
  • Conducted ionization current measurements, applying corrections for recombination, diffusion, stem scatter, and orientation.
  • Employed Monte Carlo simulations to evaluate key correction factors (kwall, kan).

Main Results:

  • Achieved high reproducibility (1.5 x 10^-4) in ionization current per mass.
  • Observed a volume-dependent increase in air-kerma rate determination (total change ~8 x 10^-4).
  • The differential air-kerma rate relative to the BIPM standard was Kdiff/KBIPM = 1.0026(6).

Conclusions:

  • The developed ionization chamber provides reproducible and accurate air-kerma rate measurements.
  • A subtle but measurable volume dependency in air-kerma determination was identified.
  • These findings necessitate a review of existing air-kerma standards and their underlying methodologies.