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Related Concept Videos

Comparing Intermolecular Forces: Melting Point, Boiling Point, and Miscibility02:34

Comparing Intermolecular Forces: Melting Point, Boiling Point, and Miscibility

Intermolecular forces are attractive forces that exist between molecules. They dictate several bulk properties, such as melting points, boiling points, and solubilities (miscibilities) of substances. Molar mass, molecular shape, and polarity affect the strength of different intermolecular forces, which influence the magnitude of physical properties across a family of molecules.
Temporary attractive forces like dispersion are present in all molecules, whether they are polar or nonpolar. They...
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Phase Transitions

Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to occupy...
Phase Transitions01:21

Phase Transitions

A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...
Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
Phase Diagram01:24

Phase Diagram

A phase diagram is a graphical representation of the physical states of a substance under different conditions of temperature and pressure. It shows the boundaries between solid, liquid, and gas phases and the conditions at which these phases coexist in equilibrium. An area in a phase diagram represents a single phase, whereas lines or phase boundaries represent the equilibrium between two phases.In the phase diagram of water, the boundary line between the solid and liquid states illustrates...
Phase Changes01:19

Phase Changes

Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the opposite process is freezing. In evaporation, a liquid turns into a gas; the opposite process is condensation.
A substance melts or freezes at a temperature called its melting point and boils or condenses at its boiling point. These temperatures depend on pressure. High pressure favors the denser form of the substance, so typically, high pressure...

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High-Sensitivity Nuclear Magnetic Resonance at Giga-Pascal Pressures: A New Tool for Probing Electronic and Chemical Properties of Condensed Matter under Extreme Conditions
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Pressure-driven phase transitions in NaBH4: theory and experiments.

Eunja Kim, Ravhi Kumar, Philippe F Weck

    The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B
    |November 23, 2007
    PubMed
    Summary

    Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) undergoes structural transitions under pressure. An intermediate tetragonal phase exists between the cubic and orthorhombic phases, confirmed by multiple experimental and computational methods.

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    Published on: September 8, 2017

    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Solid-State Physics
    • Computational Chemistry

    Background:

    • Investigating pressure-induced structural transitions in sodium borohydride (NaBH4) is crucial for understanding its behavior under extreme conditions.
    • Density-functional theory (DFT) calculations provide a theoretical framework to predict and interpret experimental observations.

    Discussion:

    • The study identifies a stable cubic phase of NaBH4 up to 5.4 GPa.
    • An intermediate tetragonal phase is observed between 6 and 8 GPa, preceding the orthorhombic phase.
    • Above 8.9 GPa, NaBH4 transitions to an orthorhombic phase (Pnma space group), stable up to at least 30 GPa.

    Key Insights:

    • DFT calculations accurately predict the pressure-induced structural phases of NaBH4.
    • Experimental techniques like X-ray and neutron diffraction confirm the existence and transition pressures of cubic, tetragonal, and orthorhombic phases.
    • High-pressure neutron diffraction on NaBD4 corroborates the findings for NaBH4.

    Outlook:

    • Further research could explore the electronic properties and potential applications of NaBH4 in its various high-pressure phases.
    • Investigating other metal borohydrides under pressure could reveal new structural behaviors and material properties.
    • Refining computational models may enhance predictions for even more complex materials under extreme conditions.