Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents01:29

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents

Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disorder marked by chronic inflammation of the GI tract. Various treatment strategies for Crohn's disease are employed, such as immunomodulatory agents, glucocorticoids, and biologics or anti-TNF therapy. Azathioprine (Imuran), a commonly used immunomodulatory drug for Crohn's disease, is converted in the body to mercaptopurine, which inhibits purine biosynthesis and cell proliferation. Both are utilized in severe cases of Inflammatory Bowel Disease...
Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Biologic Agents: Anti-TNF01:24

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Biologic Agents: Anti-TNF

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), a proinflammatory cytokine, contributes significantly to the inflammation seen in Crohn's disease. It exists as soluble TNF and membrane-bound TNF, with actions mediated through TNF receptors (TNFR). TNFR activation leads to the release of proinflammatory cytokines, T-cell activation, collagen production, and leukocyte migration, all contributing to inflammation in Crohn's disease. Anti-TNF monoclonal antibodies, namely infliximab (Remicade), adalimumab (Humira),...
Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Glucocorticoids01:21

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Glucocorticoids

Glucocorticoids, a class of anti-inflammatory drugs, are pivotal in treating moderate to severe Crohn's disease by inducing remission. They exhibit their anti-inflammatory action by inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1, and chemokines like IL-8. In addition, they reduce the expression of inflammatory cell adhesion molecules and inhibit gene transcription of nitric oxide synthase, phospholipase A2, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2),...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV01:26

Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV

Tuberculosis, more commonly referred to as TB, is an infectious disease stemming from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While it primarily impacts the lungs, TB can also affect other body areas. Given its severity and global impact, timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for controlling its spread and improving patient outcomes.
Several diagnostic approaches are used to detect TB. The conventional method is the Tuberculin Skin Test (TST), also known as the Mantoux test. However, this method has...
Antiviral Nucleoside Inhibitors01:22

Antiviral Nucleoside Inhibitors

Antiviral Nucleoside InhibitorsAntiviral nucleoside inhibitors are structural analogs of natural nucleosides that interfere with viral DNA or RNA synthesis. These compounds selectively target viral polymerases due to their resemblance to host nucleosides, thereby disrupting viral genome replication.Mechanism of Acyclovir ActionAcyclovir is a guanosine analog with a three-carbon acyclic side chain. It selectively targets herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2),...
Antifungal Agents01:15

Antifungal Agents

Amphotericin B is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent that exploits structural differences between fungal and mammalian cell membranes. Its amphipathic structure—featuring a hydrophobic polyene-lactone ring and a hydrophilic region containing mycosamine and carboxylic acid groups—enables selective binding to ergosterol, a sterol predominantly found in fungal plasma membranes. This selective interaction underlies the drug’s antifungal activity, although weak binding to cholesterol contributes to...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

1342C mutation in Gaucher's disease.

Lancet (London, England)·1995
Same author

Triosephosphate isomerase deficiency: repetitive occurrence of point mutation in amino acid 104 in multiple apparently unrelated families.

American journal of hematology·1995
Same author

Gaucher disease.

Medicine·1995
Same author

Treatment regimens in Gaucher's disease.

Lancet (London, England)·1995
Same author

Molecular study of pyruvate kinase deficient patients with hereditary nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia.

The Journal of clinical investigation·1995
Same author

Erythrocyte fragility and chronic intermittent pigmenturia in a dog.

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association·1995
Same journal

Ustekinumab Biosimilars versus Reference Ustekinumab for Moderate-to-Severe Plaque Psoriasis: A Pre-switch Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy·2026
Same journal

Correction: Mirikizumab as Induction and Maintenance Therapy in Chinese Patients with Ulcerative Colitis: A Subpopulation Analysis of the Randomized, Global Phase 3 LUCENT-1 and LUCENT-2 Trials.

BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy·2026
Same journal

Gene Therapy Strategies for Uveal Melanoma: Adeno-associated Virus Delivery Challenges and Translational Opportunities.

BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy·2026
Same journal

Review of Quality Attributes and Analytical Methods Used for Comparative Analytical Assessment of Monoclonal Antibodies as Part of Successful Biosimilar Approvals in the United States and European Union.

BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy·2026
Same journal

Impact of Repeated Antigen Exposure on Humoral Tolerance: Antidrug Antibodies After Single-Dose Versus Multi-dose Adalimumab.

BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy·2026
Same journal

An Overview and Trend Analysis of Biosimilar Approvals in China.

BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Reduced Itraconazole Concentration and Durations Are Successful in Treating Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Infection in Amphibians
06:49

Reduced Itraconazole Concentration and Durations Are Successful in Treating Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Infection in Amphibians

Published on: March 15, 2014

Cladribine.

J S Romine1, J C Sipe, J A Koziol

  • 1Division of Neurology, Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation, La Jolla, California, USA.

Biodrugs : Clinical Immunotherapeutics, Biopharmaceuticals and Gene Therapy
|May 1, 1997
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cladribine temporarily improved multiple sclerosis symptoms and reduced MRI lesions in a dose-dependent manner. Higher doses showed more side effects, suggesting careful dosing is crucial for this lymphocyte-depleting therapy.

More Related Videos

Chemical Inactivation of the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Cereblon by Pomalidomide-based Homo-PROTACs
10:44

Chemical Inactivation of the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Cereblon by Pomalidomide-based Homo-PROTACs

Published on: May 15, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Reduced Itraconazole Concentration and Durations Are Successful in Treating Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Infection in Amphibians
06:49

Reduced Itraconazole Concentration and Durations Are Successful in Treating Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Infection in Amphibians

Published on: March 15, 2014

Chemical Inactivation of the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Cereblon by Pomalidomide-based Homo-PROTACs
10:44

Chemical Inactivation of the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Cereblon by Pomalidomide-based Homo-PROTACs

Published on: May 15, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) involves immune cells damaging the central nervous system.
  • Novel therapies targeting these activated immunocytes are needed.
  • Cladribine selectively depletes lymphocytes, potentially offering a new treatment avenue.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of cladribine in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis.
  • To determine the dose-response relationship of cladribine treatment.
  • To assess the impact of cladribine on neurological function and MRI-detected lesions.

Main Methods:

  • Controlled studies were conducted to assess cladribine's effects.
  • Two total doses were administered: 2.8 mg/kg and 1.4 mg/kg.
  • Neurological performance was measured using the Scripps Neurological Rating Scale (SNRS).
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to monitor lesions.

Main Results:

  • Cladribine demonstrated a beneficial, temporary, dose-related effect on MS course.
  • Peak neurological improvement occurred at 14 months (2.8 mg/kg) and 7 months (1.4 mg/kg).
  • A significant reduction in enhanced MRI lesions was observed at both doses.
  • Adverse effects, including herpes zoster and marrow suppression, were dose-related, occurring at the higher dose.

Conclusions:

  • Cladribine shows therapeutic potential for multiple sclerosis, particularly non-benign forms.
  • The observed effects are temporary and dose-dependent.
  • Further studies are needed to establish cladribine as a practical therapeutic option.