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Related Concept Videos

¹H NMR Signal Integration: Overview00:58

¹H NMR Signal Integration: Overview

The intensity of a signal, which can be represented by the area under the peak, depends on the number of protons contributing to that signal. The area under each peak is shown as a vertical line called an integral, with the integral value listed under it, as seen in the proton NMR spectrum of benzyl acetate. Each integral value is divided by the smallest integral value to obtain the ratio of the number of protons producing each signal. The ratio reveals the relative number of protons and not...
Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects01:17

Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects

In an NMR sample, precise measurement of the absolute absorption frequencies of nuclei is difficult. A standard internal reference compound is added, and the frequency difference between the reference signal and sample signals is measured.
The internal reference compound generally used in NMR spectroscopy is tetramethylsilane (TMS). TMS is preferred because it is chemically inert, soluble in NMR solvents, and easily removable. Also, the highly shielded methyl protons in TMS yield an intense...
¹H NMR: Complex Splitting01:13

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied first.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Preparing an Isotopically Pure 229Th Ion Beam for Studies of 229mTh
10:42

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Published on: May 3, 2019

A MnCl2-based MR signal intensity linear response phantom.

Andrew P Kurmis1, Christine Barber, John P Slavotinek

  • 1Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, IMVS/Hanson Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.

Radiologic Technology
|November 23, 2007
PubMed
Summary

A novel manganese chloride (MnCl2) phantom allows quantitative assessment of tissue hydration using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. This tool provides a reliable, noninvasive standard for classifying hydration levels in clinical settings.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Imaging
  • Medical Physics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Accurate assessment of tissue hydration is crucial for diagnosing various medical conditions.
  • Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging is a key tool for noninvasive tissue analysis.
  • Quantitative hydration assessment in MR imaging requires reliable phantom models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a manganese chloride (MnCl2)-based phantom model for quantitative tissue hydration assessment.
  • To establish a progressive, quantitative method for evaluating tissue hydration using MR imaging signal intensity (SI) linearity.
  • To create a noninvasive reference standard for in vivo tissue hydration classification.

Main Methods:

  • A progressive signal refinement technique was employed to develop the phantom.
  • Eighty-two gelatin-set MnCl2 composite phantoms were imaged under T1- and T2-weighted conditions.
  • Region-of-interest (ROI) selection and adjusted MnCl2 concentrations were used to create 8-tube phantoms for incremental hydration assessment.

Main Results:

  • The developed phantoms demonstrated linearity in MR signal response under both T1 and T2 imaging conditions.
  • High R2 values of 0.97 for T1 and 0.94 for T2 indicate excellent linearity.
  • The phantom model allows for progressive incremental assessment of hydration based on fundamental MR SI response.

Conclusions:

  • The novel MnCl2-based phantom serves as a noninvasive reference standard for quantitative classification of in vivo tissue hydration.
  • The phantom is compatible with routine clinical MR imaging sequences.
  • Further refinement through correlation testing with human cartilage samples is recommended for clinical application.