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Related Concept Videos

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are slanted or...
IR Spectrum Peak Splitting: Symmetric vs Asymmetric Vibrations01:08

IR Spectrum Peak Splitting: Symmetric vs Asymmetric Vibrations

Identical bonds within a polyatomic group can stretch symmetrically (in-phase) or asymmetrically (out-of-phase). Similar to hydrogen bonding, these vibrations also influence the shape of the IR peak. Generally, asymmetric stretching frequencies are higher than symmetric stretching frequencies. For example, primary amines exhibit two distinct IR peaks between 3300–3500 cm−1 corresponding to the symmetric and asymmetric N-H stretching, while secondary amines exhibit a single stretching vibration...
NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction01:14

NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction

When magnetic nuclei in a sample achieve resonance and undergo relaxation, the signal detected in NMR is an approximately exponential free induction decay. Fourier transform of an exponential decay yields a Lorentzian peak in the frequency domain. Lorentzian peaks in an NMR spectrum are defined by their amplitude, full width at half maximum, and position, where the peak width is governed by the spin-spin relaxation time alone. In real experiments, however, the applied magnetic field is rendered...
¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling

The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
A broadband decoupling technique is used to simplify these complex, sometimes overlapping, signals. Broadband decoupling relies on a...
Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Infrared Spectroscopy: Overview01:13

Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Infrared Spectroscopy: Overview

Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) infrared spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to study the composition of materials. It is widely employed in chemistry, materials science, forensic science, and other fields where sample characterization is required. ATR has several advantages over traditional transmission IR spectroscopy, including the requirement of little to no sample preparation and the ability to analyze a wide range of samples.
The ATR process begins by directing a beam...
Double Resonance Techniques: Overview01:12

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
Spin decoupling is usually achieved by...

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Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Rejection of Fluorescence Background in Resonance and Spontaneous Raman Microspectroscopy
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Published on: May 18, 2011

Role of spurious reflections in ring-down spectroscopy.

R W Fox, L Hollberg

    Optics Letters
    |November 23, 2007
    PubMed
    Summary

    Spurious reflections in ring-down cavities significantly alter decay times. Even weak reflections (10^-4) can change cavity decay time by +/-0.4 microseconds.

    Area of Science:

    • Physics
    • Optical Engineering
    • Spectroscopy

    Background:

    • Ring-down cavities are crucial for high-sensitivity measurements.
    • Optical elements can cause spurious reflections.
    • These reflections can affect cavity performance.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the impact of spurious coherent reflections on ring-down cavity decay time.
    • To quantify the relationship between reflection magnitude and decay time perturbation.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a 25-cm-long Fabry-Perot cavity with a baseline decay constant of 40 microseconds.
    • Introduced controlled spurious reflections (10^-4 of transmitted power) mode-matched back into the cavity.
    • Demonstrated the effect using a continuous-wave (cw) system.

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    Main Results:

    • A spurious reflection of 10^-4 can alter the decay time by up to +/-0.4 microseconds.
    • The perturbation is proportional to the electric field of the reflection.
    • A 100-fold decrease in reflected power reduces perturbation only 10-fold.

    Conclusions:

    • Spurious reflections pose a significant challenge in precision ring-down spectroscopy.
    • Careful optical design and alignment are necessary to minimize these effects.
    • Understanding this phenomenon is key to accurate decay time measurements.