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Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...

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Cranial Bones: Lateral View

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Modified Posterior Vertebral Column Resection for Patients with Thoracolumbar Kyphotic Deformity

Modified Posterior Vertebral Column Resection for Patients with Thoracolumbar Kyphotic Deformity

Published on: September 16, 2022

Posterior fixation of the cranio-cervical function.

¹Oddział Neuroortopedii, Centrum Rehabilitacji im. M. Weissa, Konstancin.

Ortopedia, Traumatologia, Rehabilitacja

|November 24, 2007

Summary

This study identifies the optimal surgical approach for cranio-cervical instability. Internal fixation with bone grafts and stabilizers proved most effective in treating these complex functional disorders.

Area of Science:

Neurosurgery
Orthopedic Surgery
Spinal Surgery

Background:

Cranio-cervical function disorders present diverse etiologies and advancement stages.
Optimal surgical intervention remains a critical consideration for effective patient outcomes.
Previous treatment modalities have shown variable success rates.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine the most effective surgical procedure for treating cranio-cervical function disorders.
To evaluate the efficacy of internal fixation with bone grafts and stabilizers.
To provide evidence-based recommendations for surgical management.

Main Methods:

Retrospective analysis of 106 patients treated between 1983 and 1999.
Surgical intervention involved internal fixation with bone grafts and internal stabilizers.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Modified Posterior Vertebral Column Resection for Patients with Thoracolumbar Kyphotic Deformity

Modified Posterior Vertebral Column Resection for Patients with Thoracolumbar Kyphotic Deformity

Published on: September 16, 2022

Treatment outcomes assessed using a validated three-tiered scale.

Main Results:

Internal fixation combined with bone grafts and stabilizers demonstrated superior outcomes.
The chosen method effectively addressed instability across various cranio-cervical conditions.
Patient recovery and functional improvement were significant.

Conclusions:

Internal fixation using bone grafts and stabilizers is the preferred surgical solution for cranio-cervical instability.
This technique offers a reliable and effective treatment for diverse cranio-cervical disorders.
The findings support the widespread adoption of this surgical approach.