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Related Concept Videos

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology01:19

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features of the...
Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction01:26

Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction

Cushing syndrome refers to the collection of clinical manifestations that arise when tissues are exposed to excessive amounts of cortisol or cortisol-like medications over an extended period. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates metabolism, immune responses, and the body’s adaptation to stress. When its concentration remains chronically elevated, these physiological pathways become dysregulated, resulting in the characteristic features of the syndrome.Exogenous...
Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
Myasthenia Gravis: Diagnostic Tests01:15

Myasthenia Gravis: Diagnostic Tests

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune condition affecting neuromuscular transmission, causing generalized weakness in skeletal muscles. Initial diagnoses rely on patients' signs, symptoms, and medical history. The challenge lies in distinguishing myasthenia from other muscular dystrophies. An important diagnostic feature is the significant improvement of symptoms after administering anticholinesterase inhibitors.
The edrophonium test is a diagnostic tool for myasthenia gravis. It involves...
Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy01:29

Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or HCM, is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy without ventricular dilation. It is more common in men and is typically diagnosed in young, athletic adults.EtiologyHCM is primarily genetic and is caused by mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. Researchers have identified over 1400 mutations across at least 11 different genes. Among these, the most frequently occurring mutations are found in the...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-IV: Assessement and Diagnostic Studies01:27

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-IV: Assessement and Diagnostic Studies

Assessing and diagnosing Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) involves a detailed approach that includes a comprehensive review of medical history, physical examination, and a variety of diagnostic tests. This thorough evaluation is essential to ensure an accurate diagnosis and guide effective management strategies.
Medical History

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
06:08

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling

Published on: September 15, 2017

Dynamic testing in Cushing's syndrome.

Blerina Kola1, Ashley B Grossman

  • 1Department of Endocrinology, Barts and the London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine, University of London, London, UK.

Pituitary
|November 24, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Diagnosing endogenous Cushing's syndrome (CS) requires careful evaluation. Combining clinical, biochemical, and radiological findings is crucial, as no single test definitively identifies all CS cases.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Internal Medicine
  • Diagnostic Medicine

Background:

  • Endogenous Cushing's syndrome (CS) involves chronic excess glucocorticoid exposure.
  • CS is categorized as ACTH-dependent (pituitary/ectopic tumors) or ACTH-independent (adrenal tumors).
  • Diagnosing CS is challenging, requiring differentiation from common conditions like obesity and hypertension.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current literature on diagnosing CS.
  • To propose optimal diagnostic tests and criteria based on evidence and experience.
  • To emphasize the integrated approach needed for accurate CS diagnosis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review on Cushing's syndrome diagnosis.
  • Analysis of clinical, biochemical, and radiological evaluation methods.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
06:08

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling

Published on: September 15, 2017

  • Synthesis of data to recommend diagnostic strategies.

    • Main Results:

    • Multiple screening and dynamic tests exist for hypercortisolemia confirmation and etiological differentiation.
    • No single diagnostic test is universally sufficient for all CS cases.
    • Integrated interpretation of biochemical, clinical, and radiological data is essential.

    Conclusions:

    • Laboratory testing is fundamental but requires cautious interpretation.
    • Diagnosis should not rely on a uniform algorithm but a probabilistic matrix.
    • Combining multiple data sources improves diagnostic accuracy for Cushing's syndrome.