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Related Concept Videos

Chickenpox01:20

Chickenpox

Chickenpox is an acute, highly contagious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Herpesviridae family. Its transmission occurs primarily through the inhalation of respiratory droplets or direct contact with vesicular fluid from skin lesions. The incubation period typically ranges from 10 to 21 days, during which the virus replicates and disseminates through sequential phases within the host. Although generally self-limiting in children,...
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Smallpox01:24

Smallpox

Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.
Poliomyelitis01:17

Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis is caused by poliovirus, a small, non-enveloped, positive-sense RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family and Enterovirus genus. Transmission occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route, often through ingestion of contaminated water or food. The virus initially replicates in the oropharynx and intestinal mucosa, particularly in lymphoid tissues such as the tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and regional lymph nodes. Primary viremia follows, allowing dissemination throughout the body.In most...
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease01:29

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease

Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a widespread pathogen that primarily targets infants and young children but also poses a serious health risk to elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Belonging to the Pneumoviridae family, RSV is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus within the Pneumovirus genus. Its global health burden is significant, with millions of cases annually resulting in hospitalizations and mortality, particularly in resource-limited settings. Although most...
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Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...

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Partial uptake of varicella vaccine and the epidemiological effect on varicella disease in 11 day-care centers in North Carolina.

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Development of an IFN-γ ELISpot Assay to Assess Varicella-Zoster Virus-specific Cell-mediated Immunity Following Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation
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Varicella vaccination in children.

D A Clements1

  • 1Section of Paediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. cleme002@mc.duke.edu

Biodrugs : Clinical Immunotherapeutics, Biopharmaceuticals and Gene Therapy
|November 24, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Varicella vaccines, derived from the Oka strain, have been available since the 1970s for both healthy and immunocompromised individuals. Despite some controversy, their use is increasing, particularly due to outbreaks and potential financial benefits.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Varicella (chickenpox) vaccines have been developed and used globally since the 1970s.
  • Initially for immunocompromised children, vaccines are now licensed for healthy children.
  • Three major manufacturers produce varicella vaccines derived from the Oka strain.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the development, use, and controversies surrounding varicella vaccines.
  • To examine the historical context and global adoption of varicella vaccination.
  • To discuss the arguments for and against widespread varicella immunization.

Main Methods:

  • Review of published literature on varicella vaccine development and utilization.
  • Analysis of vaccine licensing and approval dates across different countries.
  • Examination of the scientific and public health arguments related to varicella vaccination.

Main Results:

  • Varicella vaccines are available from Biken, Merck, and SmithKline Beecham, all using the Oka strain.
  • Vaccine use has expanded from immunocompromised populations to healthy children.
  • Controversies include perceived disease mildness, unknown long-term immunity, and potential shifts in complication age.

Conclusions:

  • Varicella vaccination is increasingly recommended, partly due to outbreaks and the economic benefit of preventing parental work absence.
  • The long-term impact and cost-effectiveness of widespread varicella immunization warrant continued observation.
  • Global adoption of varicella vaccination policies may increase with evolving family structures.