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Related Concept Videos

Antiasthma Drugs: Mast Cell Stabilizers and Anti-IgE Drugs01:25

Antiasthma Drugs: Mast Cell Stabilizers and Anti-IgE Drugs

Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition for which new therapeutic avenues, including anti-inflammatory drugs like mast cell stabilizers and anti-IgE treatments, continue to be developed.
Mast cell stabilizers, such as cromolyn (also known as sodium cromoglycate) and nedocromil (Tilade), are effective drugs in asthma management. These stabilizers hinder histamine release by skillfully obstructing the activation of mast cells and other cellular entities. Notably, they navigate this task without...
Drugs Used in Lower Respiratory Disorders: Overview01:17

Drugs Used in Lower Respiratory Disorders: Overview

Lower respiratory tract disorders present challenges that often require skilled and nuanced approaches for effective management. Common ailments, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), have prompted the development of intricate treatment strategies involving bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory drugs, each tailored to ease breathing and revitalize the lungs.
Bronchodilators, the first step of respiration enhancement, come in various forms, each with its own mechanism...
Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview01:16

Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview

Upper respiratory tract disorders, including viral infections and allergic rhinitis, cause significant discomfort and disrupt daily life. Managing these conditions involves a variety of drugs, such as antihistamines, intranasal steroids, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics. Specific examples of drugs in each category are provided.
Antihistamines (e.g., Benadryl) block histamines from binding. Histamines are chemicals released during an allergic reaction in the body. As a...
Allergic Reactions02:06

Allergic Reactions

Overview
Antiasthma Drugs: Inhaled Corticosteroids and Glucocorticoids01:25

Antiasthma Drugs: Inhaled Corticosteroids and Glucocorticoids

Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are anti-inflammatory drugs used primarily in treating persistent asthma and providing long-term maintenance. They target the bronchial mucosa, the lining of the airways, to control inflammation, a critical factor in asthma progression and exacerbation.
ICS work through a multifaceted mechanism of action. They suppress the inflammatory response caused by the proliferation of TH cells. They also reduce the transcription of the IL-2 gene, which is involved in the...
Asthma I: Introduction01:28

Asthma I: Introduction

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by variable airflow obstruction and heightened bronchial responsiveness to a wide range of triggers. The underlying inflammation leads to airway swelling, mucus hypersecretion, and smooth muscle constriction, all of which narrow the airway lumen and impede airflow. Clinically, asthma presents with recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing, symptoms that typically vary in intensity and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Acupoint Catgut Embedding Therapy in Traditional Chinese Medicine for Managing Allergic Rhinitis
03:40

Acupoint Catgut Embedding Therapy in Traditional Chinese Medicine for Managing Allergic Rhinitis

Published on: December 20, 2024

Present and potential therapy for allergic rhinitis: a review.

D Reichmuth1, R F Lockey

  • 1Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA.

Biodrugs : Clinical Immunotherapeutics, Biopharmaceuticals and Gene Therapy
|November 24, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Allergic rhinitis treatments vary in safety and efficacy. Newer antihistamines and intranasal corticosteroids offer options, but cardiac and growth effects require consideration. Immunotherapy shows promise with novel adjuvants.

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Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Acupoint Catgut Embedding Therapy in Traditional Chinese Medicine for Managing Allergic Rhinitis
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Immunofluorescent Labeling in Nasal Mucosa Tissue Sections of Allergic Rhinitis Rats via Multicolor Immunoassay

Published on: September 22, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology and Immunology
  • Allergy and Respiratory Medicine

Background:

  • Allergic rhinitis affects a significant portion of the population, with increasing economic impact.
  • First-generation H(1) receptor antagonists caused sedation, limiting their use.
  • Early second-generation antihistamines (astemizole, terfenadine) had cardiac risks (QTc prolongation) with CYP3A4 inhibitors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current and emerging treatments for allergic rhinitis.
  • To evaluate the safety and efficacy profiles of various pharmacologic agents.
  • To discuss the potential of novel immunotherapies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical trials and studies on allergic rhinitis pharmacotherapies.
  • Analysis of safety data, including cardiac effects (QTc interval) and systemic absorption.
  • Evaluation of efficacy for symptoms like nasal congestion and immunological markers.

Main Results:

  • Fexofenadine, loratadine, and cetirizine are second-generation antihistamines without significant QTc prolongation.
  • Desloratadine and norastemizole, metabolites, are effective and lack parent compound cardiac risks.
  • Intranasal corticosteroids (mometasone furoate, fluticasone propionate) have low oral bioavailability; beclomethasone dipropionate reduced growth velocity in children, unlike mometasone furoate.
  • Leukotriene antagonists help with nasal congestion, with potential additive benefits when combined with H(1) antagonists.
  • Anti-immunoglobulin (Ig) E therapy is effective in reducing free IgE levels.
  • CpG oligonucleotides show potential as an adjuvant in immunotherapy by shifting immune response.

Conclusions:

  • Several safe and effective treatment options exist for allergic rhinitis, including specific antihistamines, intranasal corticosteroids, and leukotriene antagonists.
  • Careful consideration of potential side effects, such as cardiac risks and effects on growth, is necessary.
  • Emerging therapies like anti-IgE and novel immunotherapy adjuvants offer new avenues for managing allergic rhinitis.