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What is Cell Signaling?

What is Cell Signaling?

Despite the protective membrane that separates a cell from the environment, cells need the ability to detect and respond to environmental changes. Additionally, cells often need to communicate with one another. Unicellular and multicellular organisms use a variety of cell signaling mechanisms to communicate to respond to the environment.

What is Cell Signaling?

What is Cell Signaling?

Despite the protective membrane that separates a cell from the environment, cells need the ability to detect and respond to environmental changes. Additionally, cells often need to communicate with one another. Unicellular and multicellular organisms use a variety of cell signaling mechanisms to communicate to respond to the environment.

Cell-surface Signaling

Cell-surface Signaling

Hormones—or any molecule that binds to a receptor, known as a ligand—that are lipid-insoluble (water-soluble) are not able to diffuse across the cell membrane. In order to be able to affect a cell without entering it, these hormones bind to receptors on the cell membrane. When a first messenger, a hormone, binds to a receptor, a signal cascade is set off, causing second messengers, proteins inside the cell, to become activated, resulting in downstream effects.

Cell Lines

Cell Lines

A cell line is a population of cells grown in vitro that can be subcultured over several generations. Normal cells cease to divide after a certain number of cell divisions, a process known as replicative senescence. This number, called the Hayflick limit, was conceptualized by Leonard Hayflick in 1961 when he observed that fetal cells grown in culture could only divide 40-60 times. This limit is due to the shortening of the telomeres during each round of cell division, preventing cell division...

Cell Size

Cell Size

Cell sizes vary widely among and within organisms. Bacterial cells range between 1-10 micrometers (μm)and are considerably smaller than most eukaryotic cells. The smallest bacteria are 0.1 μm in diameter—about a thousand times smaller than eukaryotic cells, which typically range from 10-100 μm.Surface AreaCells can take in nutrients and water via diffusion through the plasma membrane itself or through specific channels in the membrane. The area of the membrane surrounding the cells limits the...

Cell Culture

Cell Culture

Most vertebrate cells grow in vitro attached to a substrate as a monolayer, called adherent cultures. The flasks and plates used to grow cells are chemically treated to facilitate cell attachment. However, a few cell types, such as hematopoietic cells, can grow in a suspension. In contrast to adherent cultures, suspension cultures can grow in non-treated cultureware using magnetic stirrers or spinner flasks to agitate the culture media

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Lensless On-chip Imaging of Cells Provides a New Tool for High-throughput Cell-Biology and Medical Diagnostics

Lensless On-chip Imaging of Cells Provides a New Tool for High-throughput Cell-Biology and Medical Diagnostics

Published on: December 14, 2009

Novocell, Inc.

Alan J Lewis¹, Melissa Carpenter, Allan Robins

¹Novocell, Inc., 3550 General Atomics Court, Building 2, Room 503, San Diego, CA 92121, USA. alewis@novocell.com

Regenerative Medicine

|November 24, 2007

Summary

Novocell, Inc. engineers stem cells for diabetes and chronic disease therapies. Human embryonic stem cells offer a scalable source for cell replacement and drug discovery in regenerative medicine.

Area of Science:

Biotechnology and Regenerative Medicine
Stem Cell Biology
Drug Discovery

Background:

Diabetes and chronic diseases represent significant unmet medical needs.
Current therapies have limitations in efficacy and scalability.
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) offer a promising source for therapeutic development.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce Novocell, Inc. as a stem cell engineering company.
To highlight the potential of hESCs for cell replacement therapies.
To emphasize the utility of hESCs in drug discovery for regenerative medicine.

Main Methods:

Engineering of stem cells for therapeutic applications.
Development of cell and drug therapies.
Utilizing hESCs as a scalable source for differentiated cell lineages.

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Gold Nanorod-assisted Optical Stimulation of Neuronal Cells

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Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Lensless On-chip Imaging of Cells Provides a New Tool for High-throughput Cell-Biology and Medical Diagnostics

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Published on: December 14, 2009

Fabrication of a Crystalline Nanocellulose Embedded Agarose Biomaterial Ink for Bone Marrow-Derived Mast Cell Culture

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Gold Nanorod-assisted Optical Stimulation of Neuronal Cells

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Published on: April 27, 2015

Main Results:

hESCs provide a scalable source for various differentiated cell types.
These differentiated cells hold potential for cell replacement therapies.
hESCs serve as valuable tools for drug discovery and the creation of regenerative medicines.

Conclusions:

Stem cell engineering holds promise for treating chronic diseases like diabetes.
hESCs are a versatile platform for both cell-based therapies and pharmaceutical development.
Novocell, Inc. is positioned to advance regenerative medicine through its stem cell technologies.